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bay between the coasts of Lincolnshire and Norfolk, called the Wash, is full of dangerous sandbanks and silt; the navigable portion off the Lincolnshire coast is known as the See also:

Boston Deeps. The rapidity of the tides in this inlet, and the lowness of its shores, which are generally indistinct on See also:

account of mist from a moderate offing, render this the most difficult portion of the See also:

NAVIGATION (from Lat. navis, ship, and agere, to move)

navigation of the east coast of England. On some parts of the coast there are See also:

FINE

fine stretches of See also:

sand, and See also:

CLEETHORPES

Cleethorpes, Skegness, Mablethorpe and See also:

Sutton-on-Sea are favourite resorts for visitors. The See also:

SURFACE

surface of Lincolnshire is generally a large See also:

PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain, small portions of which are slightly below the level of the sea. The south-east parts are perfectly See also:

FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat; and about one-third of the county consists of See also:

FENS

fens and marshes, intersected in all directions by artificial drains, called locally dykes, delphs, drains, becks, Teams and eaux. This flat surface is broken by two ranges of calcareous hills See also:

RUNNING

running See also:

north and south through the county, and known as the See also:

Lincoln Edge or Heights, or the Cliff, and the Wolds. The former range, on the See also:

west, runs nearly due north from See also:

Grantham to Lincoln, and thence to the Humber, traversing the Heaths of Lincolnshire, which were formerly open See also:

moors, See also:

RABBIT

rabbit warrens and See also:

sheep walks, but are now enclosed and brought into high cultivation.

The Wolds See also:

FORM (Lat. forma)

form a See also:

ridge of bold hills extending from Spilsby to See also:

Barton-on-Humber for about 40 m., with an See also:

AVERAGE

average breadth of about 8 m. The Humber separates Lincolnshire from Yorkshire. Its ports on the Lincoln-shire See also:

side are the small See also:

ferry-ports of Barton and New See also:

Holland, and the important See also:

HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour of Grimsby. The See also:

Trent forms part Charges and decisions. of the boundary with See also:

NOTTINGHAMSHIRE, or NOTTS

Nottinghamshire, divides the Isle of See also:

AXHOLME

Axholme (q.v.) from the See also:

DISTRICT

district of See also:

LINDSEY, THEOPHILUS (1723—1808)

Lindsey, and falls into the Humber about 30 M. below See also:

Gainsborough. The See also:

WITHAM

Witham rises on the S.W. border of the county, flows north past Grantham to Lincoln, and thence E. and S.E. to Boston, after a course of about 8o m. The Welland rises in north-west See also:

NORTHAMPTONSHIRE

Northamptonshire, enters the county at See also:

Stamford, and, after receiving the Glen, flows through an artificial channel into the Fosdyke Wash. The Nene on the south-east has but a small portion of its course in Lincolnshire; it flows due north through an artificial outfall, called the See also:

WISBECH

Wisbech Cut. Between the Wolds and the sea See also:

lie the Marshes, a level See also:

TRACT (from Lat. tractare, to treat of a matter, through Provencal tractat and Ital. trattato)

tract of See also:

rich alluvial See also:

SOIL

soil extending from Barton-on-Humber to Wainfleet, varying in breadth from 5 to TO m. Between the Welland and the Nene in the south-east of the county are Gedney See also:

Marsh, Holbeach Marsh, See also:

MOULTON, LOUISE CHANDLER (1835-1908)

Moulton Marsh and Sutton Marsh. The Fens (q.v.), the soil of which has been formed partly by tidal See also:

ACTION

action and partly by the decay of forests, occupy the Isle of Axholme on the north-west, the vale of Ancholme on the north, and most of the See also:

COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country south-east of Lincoln. The See also:

CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief of these are the Holland, Wildmore, West and East Fens draining into the Witham; and the Deeping, Bourn, See also:

GREAT

Great Porsand, and Whaplode Fens draining into the Welland.

The low lands adjoining the tidal reaches of the Trent and Humber, and part of those around the Wash have been raised above the natural level and enriched by the See also:

PROCESS

process of warping, which consists in letting the See also:

TIDE (O. Eng. lid, cf. Ger. Zeit, time or season, connected with root of Sanskrit a-diti, endless)

tide run over the See also:

LAND

land, and retaining it there a sufficient See also:

time to permit the See also:

DEPOSIT (Lat. depositurn, from deponere, to lay down, to put in the care of)

deposit of the sand and mud held in See also:

SOLUTION (from Lat. solvere, to loosen, dissolve)

solution by the See also:

WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters. See also:

GEOLOGY (from Gr. yp7, the earth, and Abyor, science)

Geology.—The See also:

GEOLOGICAL

geological formations for the most part extend in parallel belts, nearly in the line of the length of the county, from north to south, and succeed one another in ascending See also:

order from west to east. The lowest is the Triassic See also:

KEUPER

Keuper found in the Isle of Axholme and the valley of the Trent in the form of marls, sand-See also:

stone and See also:

GYPSUM

gypsum. See also:

Fish scales and See also:

TEETH (O.E. Eel); plural of tooth, O.E. top)

teeth, with bones and See also:

FOOT

foot-prints of the Labyrinthodon, are met with in the See also:

SANDSTONE

sandstone. The red See also:

clay is frequently dug for See also:

BRICK (derived according to some etymologists from the Teutonic bricke, a disk or plate; but more authoritatively, through the French brique, originally a " broken piece," applied especially to bread, and so to clay, from the Teutonic brikan, to break)

brick-making. The beds See also:

DIP (Old Eng. dyppan, connected with the common Teutonic root seen in " deep ")

dip gently towards the east. At the junction between the Trias and See also:

LIAS

Lias are See also:

SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of beds termed Rhaetics, which seem to See also:

mark a transition from one to the other. These belts are in part exposed in pits near See also:

Newark, and extend north by Gainsborough to where the Trent flows into the Humber, passing thence into Yorkshire. The characteristic shells are found at See also:

LEA, HENRY CHARLES (1825–1909)

Lea, 2 M. south of Gainsborough, with a thin See also:

bone-See also:

bed full of fish teeth and scales. The See also:

LOWER

Lower Lias comes next in order, with a valuable bed of ironstone now largely worked. This bed is about 27 ft. in thickness, and crops out at Scunthorpe and Frodinghatn, where the workings are open and shallow. The See also:

MIDDLE

Middle Lias, which enters the county near Woolsthorpe, is about 20 or 30 ft. thick, and is very variable both in thickness and mineralogical See also:

CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character; the See also:

IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron ores of See also:

DENTON

Denton and Caythorpe belong to this See also:

HORIZON (Gr. 6pfTwv, dividing)

horizon.

The Upper Lias enters the county at Stainby, passing by Grantham and Lincoln where it is worked for bricks. The Lias thus occupies a vale about 8 or tom. in width in the south, narrowing until on the Humber it is about a mile in width. To this succeed the Oolite formations. The Inferior Oolite, somewhat narrower than the Lias, extends from the boundary with Rutland due north past Lincoln to the vicinity of the Humber; it forms the Cliff of Lincoln-shire with a strong escarpment facing westward. At Lincoln the ridge is notched by the See also:

RIVER

river Witham. The See also:

PRINCIPAL

principal member of the Inferior Oolite is the Lincolnshire See also:

LIMESTONE

limestone, which is an important See also:

WATER

water-bearing bed and is quarried at Lincoln, Ponton, Ancaster, and Kirton Lindsey for See also:

BUILDING

building stone. Eastward of the Inferior Oolite lie the narrow outcrops of. the Great Oolite and See also:

CORNBRASH

Cornbrash. The Middle Oolite, See also:

Oxford clay and See also:

CORALLIAN (Fr. Corallun)

Corallian is very narrow in the south near Wilsthorpe, widening gradually about See also:

SLEAFORD

Sleaford. It then proceeds north from Lincoln with decreasing width to the vicinity of the Humber. The Upper Oolite, Kimeridge clay, starts from the vicinity of Stamford, and after attaining its greatest width near Horncastle, runs north-north-west to the Humber. The Kimeridge clay is succeeded by , the Spilsby sandstone, Tealby limestone, Claxby ironstone, and carstone which represent the highest See also:

JURASSIC

Jurassic and lowest Cretaceous rocks. In the Cretaceous See also:

SYSTEM

system of the Wolds, the Lower See also:

GREENSAND

Greensand runs nearly parallel with the Upper Oolite past South Willingham to the Humber.

The Upper See also:

Green-sand and See also:

GAULT

Gault, represented in Lincolnshire by the Red See also:

CHALK

Chalk, run north-west from Irby, widening out as far as Kelstern on the east, and See also:

CROSS

cross the Humber. The Chalk formation, about equal in breadth to the three preceding, extends from See also:

Burgh across the Humber. The See also:

REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of the county, comprising all its south-east portions between the Middle Oolite See also:

belt and the sea, all its north-east portions between the chalk belt and the sea, and a narrow tract up the course of the Ancholme river, consists of alluvialdeposits or of reclaimed marsh. In the See also:

NORTHERN

northern part See also:

boulder clay and glacial sands See also:

COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover considerable tracts of the older rocks. See also:

BUNTER

Bunter, See also:

PERMIAN

Permian, and See also:

COAL

Coal Measure strata have been revealed by See also:

BORING

boring to underlie the Keuper near Haxey. Gypsum is dug in the Isle of Axholme, See also:

whiting is made from the chalk near the shores of the Humber, and See also:

lime is made on the Wolds. Freestone is quarried around Ancaster, and See also:

GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good oolite building stone is quarried near Lincoln and other places. Ironstone is worked at several places and there are some blast furnaces. At . Woodhall See also:

Spa on the Horncastle See also:

BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch railway there is a much-frequented See also:

BROMINE (symbol Br, atomic weight 79-96)

bromine and See also:

IODINE (symbol I, atomic weight '26.92)

iodine See also:

SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring. See also:

CLIMATE

Climate, Soil and See also:

Agriculture.—The climate of the higher grounds is healthy, and meteorological observation does not justify the reputation for See also:

COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold and See also:

DAMP

damp often given to the county as a whole. The soils vary considerably, according to the geological formations; ten or twelve different kinds may be found in going across the country from east to west.

A good sandy See also:

LOAM (O.E. lam; the word appears in Dut. leem and Ger. Lehm; the ultimate origin is the root lai-, meaning " to be sticky," which is seen in the cognate " lime," Lat. limus, mud, clay)

loam is See also:

COMMON

common in the See also:

Heath See also:

DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division; a sandy loam with chalk, or a flinty loam on chalk See also:

MARL (from O. Fr. marle, Late Lat. margila, dim. of marga; cf. Du. and Ger. Mergel)

marl, abounds on portions of the Wolds; an argillaceous sand, merging into rich loam, lies on other portions of the Wolds; a See also:

black loam and a rich See also:

VEGETABLE

vegetable See also:

MOULD

mould cover most of the Isle of Axholme on the north-west; a well-reclaimed marine marsh, a rich See also:

brown loam, and a stiff cold clay variously occupy the low tracts along the Humber, and between the north Wolds and the sea; a See also:

PEAT (possibly connected with Med. Lat. petia, pecia, piece, ultimately of Celtic origin; cf. O. Celt. pet, O. Ir. pit, Welsh peth, portion)

peat See also:

earth, a deep sandy loam, and a rich soapy See also:

BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

blue clay occupy most of the east and south Fens; and an artificial soil, obtained by " warping," occupies considerable low strips of land along the tidal reaches of the See also:

rivers. Lincolnshire is one of the principal agricultural, especially See also:

GRAIN (derived through the French from Lat. granum, seed, from an Aryan root meaning " to wear down," which also appears in the common Teutonic word " corn ")

grain-producing, counties in England. Nearly nine-tenths of the See also:

TOTAL

total area is under cultivation. The wide grazing lands have See also:

long been famous, and the arable lands are specially adapted for the growth of See also:

wheat and beans. The largest individual grain-See also:

CROP (a word common. in various forms, such as Germ. Kropf, to many Teutonic languages for a swelling, excrescence, round head or top of anything; it appears also in Romanic languages derived from Teutonic, in Fr. as troupe, whence the English " crupper "

crop, however, is See also:

BARLEY (Hordeum sativum)

barley. Both See also:

CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle and sheep are bred in great See also:

numbers. The cattle raised are the Shorthorns and improved Lincolnshire breeds. The See also:

DAIRY

dairy, except in the vicinity of large towns, receives little See also:

ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention. The sheep are chiefly of the Lincolnshire and large Leicestershire breeds, and go to the markets of Yorkshire and See also:

LONDON

London. Lincolnshire has long been famous for a fine breed of horses both for the See also:

SADDLE (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Sattel, Dut. zadel, also in Russ. siedlo and Lat. sella, for sedla; it is not derived directly from Lat. sedile, which means a chair, but all the words are to be referred to the root sad-, which gives

saddle and See also:

DRAUGHT (from the common Teutonic word " to draw "; cf. Ger. 7'racht, load; the pronunciation led to the variant form " draft," now confined to certain specific meanings)

draught. See also:

HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

Horse fairs are held every See also:

YEAR

year at Horncastle and Lincoln. Large flocks of geese were formerly kept in the Fens, but their number has been diminished since the drainage of these parts.

Where a large number of them were bred, nests were constructed for them one above another; they were daily taken down by the gooseherd, driven to the water, and then reinstated in their nests, without a single See also:

BIRD

bird being misplaced. Decoys were once numerous in the undrained See also:

state of the Fens. See also:

INDUSTRIES

Industries and Communications.—Manufactures are few and, relatively to the agricultural See also:

INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry, small. The See also:

MINERAL

mineral industries, however, are of value, and there are considerable agricultural See also:

machine and See also:

IMPLEMENT (Lat. implementum, a filling up, from implere, to fill)

implement factories at Lincoln, Boston, Gains-See also:

borough, Grantham and See also:

LOUTH

Louth. At Little Bytham a very hard brick, called adamantine See also:

CLINKER

clinker, is made of the siliceous clay that the See also:

Romans used for similar See also:

WORKS

works. Bone-crushing, tanning, the manufacture of oil-cake for cattle, and rope-making are carried on in various places. Grimsby is an important See also:

PORT

port both for See also:

CONTINENTAL

continental See also:

TRAFFIC

traffic and especially for See also:

FISHERIES

fisheries; Boston is second to it in the county; and Gainsborough has a considerable traffic on the Trent. Sutton See also:

BRIDGE

Bridge is a lesser port on the Wash. The principal railway is the Great Northern, its See also:

main line touching the county in the S.W. and serving Grantham. Its principal branches are from See also:

PETERBOROUGH

Peterborough to See also:

Spalding, Boston, Louth and Grimsby; and from Grantham to Sleaford and Boston, and to Lincoln, and Boston to Lincoln. This See also:

COMPANY

company works jointly with the Great Eastern the line from See also:

March to Spalding, Lincoln, Gains-borough and See also:

DONCASTER

Doncaster, and with the Midland that from Saxby to Bourn, Spalding, Holbeach, Sutton Bridge and See also:

King's See also:

LYNN

Lynn. The Midland company has a branch from Newark to Lincoln, and the See also:

LANCASHIRE

Lancashire, See also:

DERBYSHIRE

Derbyshire, and East Coast line terminates at Lincoln.

The Great Central railway connects the west, See also:

Sheffield and Doncaster with Grimsby, and with See also:

Hull by ferry from New Holland. Canals connect Louth with the Humber, Sleaford with the Witham, and Grantham with the Trent near Nottingham; but the greater rivers and many of the drainage cuts are navigable, being artificially deepened and embanked. See also:

POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

Population and See also:

ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

Administration.—The area of the See also:

ancient county is 1,693,550 acres, with a population in 1891 of 472,878 and in 1901 of 498,847. The See also:

PRIMARY

primary divisions are three trithings or See also:

RIDINGS

Ridings (q.v.). The north division is called the Parts of. Lindsey, the south-west the Parts of Kesteven, and the south-east the Parts of Holland. Each of these divisions had in See also:

early times its own See also:

reeve or gerefa. Each constitutes an administrative county, the Parts of Lindsey having an area of 967,689 acres; Kesteven, 465,877 acres; and Holland, 262,766 acres. The Parts of Lindsey contain 17 wapentakes; Kesteven, exclusive of the See also:

SOKE (0. Eng. soc, connected ultimately with secan, to seek)

soke and borough of Grantham and the borough of Stamford, 9 wapentakes; and Holland, 3 wapentakes. The municipal boroughs and See also:

urban districts are as follows: — I. PARTS OF LINDSEY.-Municipal boroughs—Grimsby, a county borough (pop. 63,138), Lincoln, a See also:

CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city and county borough and the county See also:

TOWN

town (48,784), Louth (9518).

Urban districts—See also:

ALFORD, HENRY (1810–1871)

Alford (2478), Barton-upon-Humber (5671), See also:

BRIGG (properly GLANFORD BRIGGS Or GLAMFORD BRIDGE)

Brigg (3137), See also:

Broughton (1300), Brumby and Frodingham (2273), Cleethorpes with Thrunscoe (12,578), Crowle (2769), Gainsborough (17,660), Horncastle (4038), Mablethorpe (934), See also:

MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

Market Rasen (2188), Roxby-cum-Risby (389), Scunthorpe (6750), Skegness (2140), Winterton (1361), Woodhall Spa (988). 2. PARTS OF KESTEVEN.—Municipal boroughs—Grantham (17,593), Stamford (8229). Urban districts—See also:

Bourne (4361), See also:

Brace-bridge (1752), Ruskington (1196), Sleaford (5468). 3. PARTS OF HOLLAND.—Municipal borough—Boston (15,667). Urban districts—Holbeach (4755), Long Sutton (2524), Spalding (9385), Sutton Bridge (2105). In the Parts of Holland the borough of Boston has a See also:

SEPARATE

separate See also:

COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission of the See also:

peace and there are two See also:

PETTY, SIR WILLIAM (1623-1687)

petty sessional divisions. Lincolnshire is in the Midland See also:

CIRCUIT (Lat. circuitus, from circum, round, and ire, to go)

circuit. In the Parts of Kesteven the boroughs of Grantham and Stamford have each a separate commission of the peace and separate courts of See also:

QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter sessions, and there are 4 petty sessional divisions. In the Parts of Lindsey the county boroughs of Grimsby and Lincoln have each a separate commission of the peace and a separate See also:

court of quarter sessions, while the municipal borough of Louth has a separate commission of the peace, and there are 14 petty sessional divisions. The three administrative counties and the county boroughs contain together 761 See also:

CIVIL

civil parishes.

The ancient county contains 58o ecclesiastical parishes and districts, wholly or in part. It is mostly in the See also:

DIOCESE (formed on Fr. diocese, in place of the Eng. form diocess—current until the 19th century—from Lat. dioecesis, med. Lat. variant diocesis, from Gr. Swucio•tc, " house-keeping," " administration," &miceas, " to keep house," " to govern ")

diocese of Lincoln, but in part also in the dioceses of South-well and See also:

York. For See also:

PARLIAMENTARY

parliamentary purposes the county is divided into seven divisions, namely, West Lindsey or Gainsborough, North Lindsey or Brigg, East Lindsey or Louth, South Lindsey or See also:

Horn-See also:

castle, North Kesteven or Sleaford, South Kesteven or Stamford, and Holland or Spalding, and the parliamentary boroughs of Boston, Grantham, Grimsby and Lincoln, each returning one member. See also:

HISTORY

History.—Of the details of the English See also:

CONQUEST

conquest of the district which is now Lincolnshire little is known, but at some time in the 6th See also:

CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century Engle and Frisian invaders appear to have settled in the country north of the Witham, where they became known as the Lindiswaras, the See also:

SOUTHERN

southern districts from Boston to the Trent See also:

basin being at this time dense woodland. In the 7th century the supremacy over Lindsey alternated between See also:

MERCIA

Mercia and See also:

NORTHUMBRIA (regnum Northanhymbrorum)

Northumbria, but few See also:

HISTORICAL

historical references to the district are extant until the time of See also:

ALFRED

Alfred, whose See also:

MARRIAGE

marriage with Ealswitha was celebrated at Gainsborough three years before his See also:

ACCESSION (from Lat. accedere, to go to, to approach)

accession. At this See also:

period the Danish inroads upon the coast of Lindsey had already begun, and in 873 Healfdene wintered at Torksey, while in 878 Lincoln and Stamford were included among the five Danish boroughs, and the organization of the districts dependent upon them probably resulted about this time in the grouping of Lindsey, Kesteven and Holland to form the shire of Lincoln. The extent and permanence of the Danish See also:

INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence in Lincolnshire is still observable in the names of its towns and villages and in the See also:

LOCAL

local See also:

DIALECT (from Gr. Sia stcror, conversation, manner of speaking, &aXeyec6at, to converse)

dialect, and, though about 918 the confederate boroughs were recaptured by See also:

EDWARD

Edward the See also:

Elder, in 993 a See also:

VIKING

Viking See also:

FLEET

fleet again entered the Humber and ravaged Lindsey, and in 1013 the district of the five boroughs acknowledged the supremacy of Sweyn. The county offered no active resistance to the Conqueror, and though See also:

HEREWARD

Hereward appears in the Domesday Survey as a dispossessed under-See also:

TENANT (from Lat. tenere, to hold)

tenant of the See also:

abbot of Peterborough at Witham-on-the-See also:

Hill, the legends surrounding his name do not belong to this county. In his north-See also:

ward march in ro68 the Conqueror built a castle at Lincoln, and portioned out the principal estates among his See also:

Norman followers, but the Domesday' Survey shows that the county on the whole was leniently treated, and a considerable number of English-men retained their lands as subtenants. The origin of the three main divisions of Lincolnshire is anterior to that of the county itself, and the outcome of purely natural conditions, Lindsey being in See also:

ROMAN

Roman times practically an See also:

ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island bounded by the swamps of the Trent and the Witham on the west and south and on the east by the North Sea, while Kesteven and Holland were respectively the regions of forest and of fen. Lindsey in Norman times was divided into three ridings—North, West and South—comprising respectively five, five and seven wapentakes; while, apart from their division into wapentakes, the Domesday Survey exhibits a unique planning out of the ridings into approximately equal numbers of 12-See also:

CARUCATE, or CARRUCATE (from the Med. Lat. carrucata, from carruca, a wheeled plough)

carucate hundreds, the See also:

TERM

term See also:

HUNDRED

hundred possessing here no administrative or local significance, but serving merely as a unit of area for purposes of See also:

ASSESSMENT, (from Lat. assessare, to sit beside, to judge)

assessment. The Norman division of Holland into the three wapentakes of Elloe, Kirton and Skirbeck has remainedunchanged to the See also:

PRESENT

present See also:

day.

In Kesteven the wapentakes of Aswardhurn, Aveland, Beltisloe, Haxwell, Langoe, Loveden, Ness, Winnibriggs, and Grantham Soke have been practically unchanged, but the Domesday wapentakes of Boothby and Graffo now form the See also:

WAPENTAKE

wapentake of Boothby Graffo. In North-See also:

RIDING

riding See also:

Bradley and Haverstoe have been combined to form Bradley Haverstoe wapentake, and the Domesday wapentake of Epworth in Westriding has been absorbed in that of See also:

MANLEY, MARY DE LA RIVIERE (c. 1663-1724)

Manley. See also:

Wall wapentake in Westriding was a See also:

LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty of the See also:

bishop of Lincoln, and as See also:

LATE

late as 1515 the See also:

dean and See also:

CHAPTER (a shortened form of chapiter, a word still used in architecture for a capital; derived from O. Fr. chapitre, Lat. capitellum, diminutive of caput, head)

chapter of Lincoln claimed delivery and return of writs in the See also:

MANOR

manor and hundred of Navenby. In the 13th century See also:

Baldwin See also:

Wake claimed return of writs and a market in Aveland. See also:

William de Vesci claimed liberties and exemptions in Caythorpe, of which he was summoned to render account at the See also:

SHERIFF

sheriff's tourn at Halton. The abbot of Peterborough, the abbot of Tupholme, the abbot of Bardney, the See also:

prior of Catleigh, the prior of Sixhills, the abbot of St See also:

Mary's, York, the prioress of Stixwould and several See also:

lay owners claimed liberties and See also:

jurisdiction in their Lincolnshire estates in the 13th century. The shire court for Lincolnshire was held at Lincoln every See also:

FORTY

forty days, the lords of the manor attending with their stewards, or in their See also:

ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence the reeve and four men of the See also:

VILL

vill. The ridings were each presided over by a riding-reeve, and wapentake courts were held in the reign of See also:

Henry I. twelve times a year, and in the reign of Henry III. every three See also:

WEEKS, EDWIN LORD (1849-1903)

weeks, while twice a year all the freemen of the wapentake were summoned to the view of See also:

FRANKPLEDGE (Lat. francum plegium)

frankpledge or tourn held by the sheriff. The boundaries between Kesteven and Holland were a See also:

MATTER

matter of dispute as early as 1389 and were not finally settled until 1816. Lincolnshire was originally included in the Mercian diocese of See also:

LICHFIELD

Lichfield, but, on the subdivision of the latter by See also:

Theodore in 68o, the fen-district was included in the diocese of Lichfield, while the see for the northern parts of the county' was placed at " Sidnacester," generally identified with See also:

STOW, JOHN (c. 1525-1605)

Stow. Subsequently both dioceses were merged in the vast West-Saxon bishopric of See also:

Dorchester, the see of which was afterwards transferred to See also:

Winchester, and by Bishop See also:

REMIGIUS, ST (c. 437-533)

Remigius in 1072 to Lincoln. The archdeaconry of Lincoln was among those instituted by Remigius, and the division into rural deaneries also See also:

DATES

dates from this period.

Stow archdeaconry is first mentioned in 1138, and in 1291 included four deaneries, while the archdeaconry of Lincoln included twenty-three. In 1536 the additional deaneries of Hill, Holland, Loveden and Graffoe had been formed within the archdeaconry of Lincoln, and the only deaneries created since that date are East and West Elloe and North and SouthGrantham in Lincoln archdeaconry. The deaneries of Gartree, Grimsby, Hill, Horncastle, Louthesk, Ludborough, Walshcroft, Wraggoe and Yarborough have been transferred from the archdeaconry of Lincoln to that of Stow. See also:

BENEDICTINE

Benedictine See also:

FOUNDATIONS

foundations existed at Ikanho, See also:

Barrow, Bardney, Partney and See also:

CROWLAND, or CROYLAND

Crowland as early as the 7th century, but all were destroyed in the Danish See also:

WARS

wars, and only Bardney and Crowland were ever rebuilt. The revival of See also:

MONASTICISM (Gr. p.ovacrnabs, living alone, µ6vos)

monasticism after the Conquest resulted in the erection of ten Benedictine monasteries, and a Benedictine nunnery at Stainfield. The Cistercian abbeys at Kirkstead, Louth See also:

Park, Revesby, Vaudey and Swineshead, and the Cistercian nunnery at Stixwould were founded in the reign of See also:

Stephen, and at the time of the See also:

DISSOLUTION (from Lat. dissolvere, to break up into parts)

Dissolution there were upwards of a hundred religious houses in the county. In the struggles of the reign of Stephen, castles at Newark and Sleaford were raised by See also:

Alexander, bishop of Lincoln, against the king, while Ranulf " Gernons," See also:

EARL

earl of See also:

Chester, in 1140 garrisoned Lincoln for the empress. The seizure of Lincoln by Stephen in 1141 was accompanied with fearful butchery and devastation, and by an See also:

ACCORD (from Fr. accorder, to agree)

accord at Stamford William of Roumare received Kirton in Lindsey, and his See also:

TENURE (Fr. tenure, from Lat. tenere, to hold)

tenure of Gainsborough Castle was confirmed. In the baronial outbreak of 1173 See also:

Roger See also:

Mowbray, who had inherited the Isle of Axholme from See also:

NIGEL (d. 1168)

Nigel d'Albini, garrisoned Ferry East, or Kinnard's Ferry, and Axholme against the king, and, after the destruction of their more northern fortresses in this See also:

CAMPAIGN

campaign, Epworth in Axholme became the principal seat of the Mowbrays. In the struggles between See also:

John and his barons Lincoln in 1216 made peace with the king by surrendering hostages for the See also:

PAYMENT (Fr. paiement, from payer, to pay; Lat. pacare, to appease, pax, peace)

payment of a fine of moo marks, but after the landing of See also:

Louis the city was captured by See also:

Gilbert de Gant, then earl of Lincoln. After his disastrous march to Swineshead See also:

Abbey, John journeyed through Sleaford to Newark, where he died, and in the See also:

BATTLE

battle of Lincoln in 1217 Gilbert de Gant was captured and the city sacked. At the time of the Wars of the See also:

ROSES, WARS OF THE

Roses the county, owing to territorial influence, was mainly Lancastrian, and in 1461 the Yorkist strongholds of Grantham and Stamford were sacked to such effect that the latter never recovered.

The Lincolnshire rising of 1470 was crushed by the defeat of the rebels in the skirmish known as " Losecoat See also:

Field " near Stamford. In the Civil See also:

War of the 17th century, Lindsey for the most part declared for the king, and the Royalist cause was warmly supported by the earl of Lindsey, See also:

VISCOUNT (through O. Fr. viscomte, mod. vicomte, from Low Lat. vice-comes, cf. Portug. visconde, Ital. visconte)

Viscount Newark, See also:

Sir Peregrine Bertie and the families of See also:

DYMOKE

Dymoke, Heneage and Thorold. See also:

Lord See also:

WILLOUGHBY

Willoughby of Parham was a prominent Parliamentary See also:

LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader, and the Isle of Axholme and the Puritan See also:

YEOMANRY

yeomanry of Holland declared for the See also:

PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament. In 1643 See also:

Cromwell won a small victory near Grantham, and the Royalist garrisons at Lynn and Lincoln surrendered to See also:

Manchester. In 1644, however, Newark, Gainsborough, Lincoln, Sleaford and Crowland were all in Royalist hands, and Newark only surrendered in 1646. Among other historic families connected with Lincoln-shire were the Wakes of Bourne and the d'Eyncourts, who flourished at Blankney from the Conquest to the reign of Henry VI.; Belvoir Castle was founded by the Toenis, from whom it passed by the Daubeneys, then to the Barons See also:

Ros and later to the See also:

MANNERS, CHARLES (1857– )

Manners, earls of Rutland. In the Lindsey Survey of 1115—1118 the name of Roger Marmion, ancestor of the Marmion See also:

FAMILY

family, who had inherited the See also:

FIEF

fief of See also:

Robert See also:

Despenser, appears for the first time. At the time of the Domesday Survey there were between 400 and 500 See also:

mills in Lincolnshire; 2111 fisheries producing large quantities of eels; 361 See also:

salt-works; and iron forges at Stow, St Mary and at Bytham. Lincoln and Stamford were flourishing centres of industry, and markets existed at Kirton-in-Lindsey, Louth, Old See also:

BOLINGBROKE, HENRY ST JOHN, VISCOUNT (1678-1751)

Bolingbroke, Spalding, Barton and Partney. The early manufactures of the county are all connected with the woollen See also:

trade, Lincoln being noted for its See also:

SCARLET

scarlet See also:

CLOTH

cloth in the 13th century, while an important export trade in the raw material sprang up at Boston. The disafforesting of Kesteven in 1230 brought large areas under cultivation, and the same period is marked by the growth of the maritime and fishing towns, especially Boston (which had a famous fish-market), Grimsby, Barton, Saltfleet, Wainfleet and Wrangle. The Lincolnshire towns suffered from the See also:

general decay of trade in the eastern counties which marked the 15th century, but agriculture was steadily improving, and with the See also:

GRADUAL (Med. Lat. gradualis, of or belonging to steps or degrees; gradus, step)

gradual drainage of the fen-districts culminating in the vast operations of the 17th century, over 330,000 acres in the county were brought under cultivation, including more than two-thirds of Holland.

The fen-drainage resulted in the extinction of many local industries, such as the trade in See also:

goose-feathers and the export of See also:

WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild See also:

FOWL (Dan. Fugl, Ger. Vogel)

fowl to the London markets, a 17th-century writer terming this county "the See also:

AVIARY (from Lat. avis, a bird)

aviary of England, 3000 mallards with other birds having been caught sometimes in See also:

AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August at one draught." Other historic industries of Lincolnshire are the breeding of horses and See also:

DOGS, ISLE OF

dogs and rabbit-snaring; the Witham was noted for its See also:

pike; and ironstone was worked in the south, now chiefly in the north and west. As early as 1295 two knights were returned to parliament for the shire of Lincoln, and two burgesses each for Lincoln, Grimsby and Stamford. In the 14th century Lincoln and Stamford were several times the See also:

MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting-places of parliament or important See also:

COUNCILS

councils, the most notable being the Lincoln Parliament of 1301, while at Stamford in 1309 a truce was concluded between the barons, Piers See also:

GAVESTON, PIERS (d. 1312)

Gaveston and the king. Stamford discontinued See also:

REPRESENTATION

representation for some 150 years after the reign of Edward II.; Grantham was enfranchised in 1463 and Boston in 1552. Under the See also:

ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act of 1832 the county was divided into a northern and southern division, returning each two members, and Great Grimsby lost one member. Under the act of 1868 the county returned six members in three divisions and Stamford lost one member. Under the act of 1885 the county returned seven members in seven divisions; Lincoln, Boston and Grantham lost one member each and Stamford was disfranchised. A ntiquities.—At the time of the suppression of the monasteries in the reign of Henry VIII. there were upwards of one hundred religious houses; and among the Fens See also:

rose some of the finest abbeys held by the See also:

BENEDICTINES, or BLACK MONKS

Benedictines. The Gilbertines were a purely English order which took its rise in Lincolnshire, the canons following the See also:

Austin See also:

RULE

rule, the nuns and lay See also:

BROTHERS, RICHARD (1757-1824)

brothers that of the See also:

CISTERCIANS

Cistercians. They generally lived in separate houses, but formed a community having a common See also:

church in which the sexes were divided by a See also:

LONGITUDINAL

longitudinal wall. These houses were at Alvingham, Catley, Holland Brigg, Lincoln, before the See also:

GATE

gate of which the first Eleanor Cross was erected by Edward I. to his wife, Newstead in Lindsey, Sempringham, the chief See also:

house of the order, founded by St Gilbert of Gaunt in 1139, of which the Norman See also:

NAVE

nave of the church is in use, Stamford (a See also:

COLLEGE (Collegium)

college for students) and Wellow. There were nunneries of the order at Haverholme, See also:

NUN (O. Eng. nunne, from Lat. nonnus, nonna, familiar terms for an old man or woman)

Nun Ormsby and Tunstal.

The following are a few of the most famous abbeys. Barlings (Premonstratensian), N.E. of Lincoln, was founded 1154, for fourteen canons. The See also:

TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

tower, Decorated, with arcading pierced with windows, and the east wall of the south wing remain. The Benedictine Mitred Abbey of Crowland (q.v.) was founded 716, and refounded in 948. Part of the church is still in use. See also:

Thornton Abbey (Black Canons) in the north near the Humber was founded in 1139. There remain a fragment of the south wing of the See also:

TRANSEPT (from Lat. trans, across, and septum, enclosure; synonymous terms in other languages are Fr. croisee, nef transversee; Ital. crociata; Ger. Querbau, Quersch&)

transept, two sides of the decagonal chapter-house (1282) and the beautiful west gate-house, Early Perpendicular (1332-1388), with an See also:

oriel window on the east. Kirkstead Abbey (Cistercian) was founded in 1139. Little remains beyond an Early English See also:

CHAPEL

chapel of singular beauty. In the Parts of Lindsey several churches present curious early features, particularly the well-known towers of St See also:

Peter, Barton-on-Humber, St Mary-le-Wigford and St Peter at Gowts, Lincoln, which exhibit See also:

WORK

work of a pre-Conquest type. Stow church for Norman of various dates, Bottesford and St See also:

James, Grimsby, for Early English, Tattershall and Theddlethorpe for Perpendicular are fine examples of various styles. In the Parts of Kesteven the churches are built of excellent stone which abounds at Ancaster and near Sleaford.

The church of St See also:

Andrew, Heckington, is the best example of Decorated See also:

ARCHITECTURE (Lat. architectura, from the Gr. ap)(LTEKrwv, a master-builder)

architecture in the county; it is famed for its See also:

EASTER

Easter See also:

sepulchre and fine See also:

SEDILIA (the plural of Lat. sedile, seat)

sedilia. The See also:

NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble church of St Wulfram, Grantham, with one of the finest See also:

SPIRES (Ger. Speyer or Speier)

spires in England, is also principally Decorated; this See also:

style in fact is particularly well displayed in Kesteven, as in the churches of Caythorpe, Claypole, Navenby and Ewerby. At Stamford (q.v.) there are five churches of various styles. It is principally in the Parts of Holland that the finest churches in the county are found; they are not surpassed by those of any other district in the See also:

KINGDOM

kingdom, which is the more remarkable as the district is composed wholly of marsh land and is without stone of any See also:

KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind. It is highly probable that the churches of the south part of this district owe their origin to the munificence of the abbeys of Crowland and Spalding. The church of Long Sutton, besides its fine Norman nave, possesses an Early English tower and See also:

SPIRE

spire which is comparable with the very early specimen at Oxford See also:

CATHEDRAL

cathedral. Whaplode church is another noteworthy example of Norman work; for Early English work the churches of Kirtop-in-Holland, Pinch-See also:

beck and See also:

WESTON, THOMAS (1737-1776)

Weston may be noticed; for Decorated those at Donington and Spalding; and for Perpendicular, Gedney, together with parts of Kirton church. Of the two later styles, however, by far the most splendid example is the famous church of St Botolph, Boston (q.v.), with its magnificent See also:

LANTERN (an adaptation of the Fr. lanterne from Lat. lanterna or laterna, supposed to be from Gr. Aa urritp, a torch or lamp, Aaµaew, to shine, cf. " lamp "; the 16th- and 17th-century form " lanthorn " is due to a mistaken derivation from " horn," as a m

lantern-crowned tower or " stump." There are few remains of See also:

MEDIEVAL

medieval castles, although the sites of a considerable number are traceable. Those of Lincoln and Tatter-shall (a fine Perpendicular building in brick) are the most See also:

note-worthy, and there are also fragments at Boston and Sleaford. Country seats worthy of note (chiefly See also:

MODERN

modern) are Aswarby See also:

Hall, Belton House, See also:

BROCKLESBY, RICHARD (1722-1797)

Brocklesby, Casewick, Denton Manor, See also:

EASTON

Easton Hall, Grimsthorpe (of the 16th and 18th centuries, with earlier remains), Haverholm Priory, Nocton Hall, Panton Hall, Riby See also:

Grove, Somerby Hall, Syston Park and Uffington. The city of Lincoln is remarkably rich in remains of domestic architecture from the Norman period onward, and there are similar examples at Stamford and elsewhere. In this connexion the remarkable triangular bridge at Crowland of the 14th century (see See also:

BRIDGES) should be mentioned.

See See also:

Victoria County History, Lincolnshire; See also:

Thomas See also:

Allen, The History of the County of Lincoln (2 vols., London, 1834) ; C. G. See also:

Smith, A See also:

TRANSLATION

Translation of that portion of the Domesday See also:

BOOK

Book which relates to Lincolnshire and Rullandshire (London, 1870) ; G. S. Streatfield, Lincolnshire and the Danes (London, 1884); See also:

CHRONICLE (from Gr. Xpovos, time)

Chronicle of the See also:

REBELLION

Rebellion in Lincolnshire, 1470, ed. J. E. Nicholls, See also:

Camden Society, Camden See also:

MISCELLANY

Miscellany, vol. i. (London, 1847); The Lincoln-shire Survey, temp. Henry I., ed. James Greenstreet (London, 1884); Lincolnshire Notes and Queries (Horncastle, 1888) ; Lincolnshire See also:

RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

Record Society (Horncastle, 1891).

End of Article: LINCOLNSHIRE

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