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LICHFIELD , a See also:city, See also:county of a city, and municipal See also:- BOROUGH (A.S. nominative burh, dative byrig, which produces some of the place-names ending in bury, a sheltered or fortified place, the camp of refuge of a tribe, the stronghold of a chieftain; cf. Ger. Burg, Fr. bor, bore, bourg)
- BOROUGH [BURROUGH, BURROWE, BORROWS], STEVEN (1525–1584)
borough in the Lichfield See also:parliamentary See also:division of See also:Staffordshire, See also:England, 118 m. N.W. from See also:London. Pop. (1901) 7902. The London and See also:North-Western railway has stations at See also:Trent Valley Junction on the See also:main See also:line, and in the city on a See also:branch westward. The See also:town lies in a pleasant See also:country, on a small stream draining eastward to the Trent, with See also:low hills to the E. and S. The See also:cathedral is small (the full See also:internal length is only. 370 ft., and the breadth of the See also:nave 68 ft.), but beautiful in both situation and See also:style. It stands near a picturesque See also:sheet of See also:water named See also:Minster See also:Pool. The See also:present See also:building See also:dates from various periods in the 13th and See also:early 14th centuries, but the various portions cannot be allocated to fixed years, as the old archives were destroyed during the See also:Civil See also:Wars of the 17th See also:century. The earlier records of the See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
church are equally doubtful. A Saxon church founded by St See also:Chad, ,who was subsequently enshrined here, occupied the site from the See also:close of the 7th century; of its See also:Norman successor portions of the See also:foundations have been excavated, but no See also:record exists either of its date or of its builders. The See also:fine exterior of the cathedral exhibits the feature, unique in England, of a lofty central and two lesser western See also:spires, of which thee central, 252 ft. high, is a restoration attributed to See also:Sir See also:Christopher See also:Wren after its destruction during the Civil Wars. The See also:west front is composed of three stages of ornate arcading, with niches containing statues, of which most are See also:modern. Within, the See also:south See also:transept shows See also:simple Early See also:English See also:work, the north transept and See also:chapter See also:house more ornate work of a later See also:period in that style, the nave, with its geometrical See also:ornament, marks the transition to the Decorated style, while the See also:Lady See also:chapel is a beautiful specimen of fully See also:developed Decorated work with an apsidal See also:east end. The west front probably falls in date between the nave and the Lady chapel. Among numerous monuments are—memorials to See also:Samuel See also:- JOHNSON, ANDREW
- JOHNSON, ANDREW (1808–1875)
- JOHNSON, BENJAMIN (c. 1665-1742)
- JOHNSON, EASTMAN (1824–1906)
- JOHNSON, REVERDY (1796–1876)
- JOHNSON, RICHARD (1573–1659 ?)
- JOHNSON, RICHARD MENTOR (1781–1850)
- JOHNSON, SAMUEL (1709-1784)
- JOHNSON, SIR THOMAS (1664-1729)
- JOHNSON, SIR WILLIAM (1715–1774)
- JOHNSON, THOMAS
Johnson, a native of Lichfield, and to See also:David See also:Garrick, who spent his early See also:life and was educated here; a See also:monument to See also:Major See also:Hodson, who See also:fell in the See also:Indian See also:mutiny, and whose See also:father was See also:canon of Lichfield; the See also:tomb of See also:Bishop See also:Hacket, who restored the cathedral after the Civil Wars; and a remarkable effigy of Perpendicular date displaying Sir See also:John See also:Stanley stripped to the See also:waist and awaiting chastisement. Here is also the" Sleeping See also:Children," a masterpiece by See also:Chantrey (1817).
A picturesque bishop's See also:palace (1687) and a theological See also:college (1857) are adjacent to the cathedral. The See also:diocese covers the greater See also:part of Staffordshire and about See also:half the parishes in See also:Shropshire, with small portions of See also:Cheshire and See also:Derbyshire. The church of St Chad is See also:ancient though extensively restored; on its site St Chad is said to have occupied a See also:hermit's See also:cell. The See also:principal See also:schools are those of See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
King See also:Edward and St Chad. There are many picturesque half-timbered and other old houses, among which is that in which Johnson was See also:born, which stands in the See also:market-See also:place, and is the See also:property of the See also:corporation and opened to the public. There is also in the market place a statue to Johnson. A See also:fair is held annually on Whit-See also:Monday, accompanied by a See also:pageant of ancient origin. See also:Brewing is the principal See also:industry, and in the neighbourhood are large market gardens. The city is governed by a See also:mayor, 6 aldermen and 18 councillors. See also:Area, 3475 acres.
There is a tradition that " Christianfield " near Lichfield was the site of the martyrdom of a thousand Christians during the persecutions of Maximian about 286, but there is no See also:evidence in support of the tradition. At See also:Wall, 3 M. from the present city, there was a Romano-See also:British See also:village called Letocetum (" See also:grey See also:wood "), from which the first half of the name Lichfield is derived. The first See also:authentic See also:notice of Lichfield (Lyecidfelth, Lychfeld, See also:Litchfield) occurs in See also:Bede's See also:history where it is mentioned as the place where St Chad fixed the episcopal see of the Mercians. After the See also:foundation of the see by St Chad in 669, it was raised in786 by See also:Pope See also:Adrian through the See also:influence of See also:Offa, King of See also:Mercia, to the dignity of an archbishopric, but in 803 the primacy was restored to See also:Canterbury. In 1075 the see of Lichfield was removed to See also:Chester, and thence a few years later to See also:Coventry, but it was restored in 1148. At the See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time of the Domesday Survey Lichfield was held by the bishop of Chester: it is not called a borough, and it was a small village, whence, on See also:account of its insignificance, the see had been moved. The lordship and See also:manor of the town were held by the bishop until the reign of Edward VI., when they were leased to the corporation. There is evidence that a See also:castle existed here in the time of Bishop See also:Roger See also:Clinton (temp.
See also:- HENRY
- HENRY (1129-1195)
- HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
- HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
- HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
- HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
- HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
- HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
- HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
- HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
- HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
- HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
- HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
- HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)
Henry I.), and a footpath near the See also:grammar-school retains the name of Castle-ditch. See also:Richard II. gave a See also:charter (1387) for the foundation of the gild of St See also:Mary and St John the Baptist; this gild obtained the whole See also:local See also:government, which it exercised until its See also:dissolution by Edward VI., who incorporated the town (1548), vesting the government in two bailiffs and twenty-four burgesses; further charters were given by Mary, See also:- JAMES
- JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
- JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
- JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
- JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
- JAMES, EPISTLE OF
- JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
- JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
- JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
- JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)
James I. and See also:Charles II. (1664), the last, incorporating it under the See also:title of the " bailiffs and citizens of the city of Lich-See also:- FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
- FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
- FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
- FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
- FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
- FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
- FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
- FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
- FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
- FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
- FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)
field," was the governing charter until 1835; under this charter the governing See also:body consisted of two bailiffs and twenty-four brethren. Lichfield sent two members to the See also:parliament of 1304 and to a few succeeding parliaments, but the See also:representation did not become See also:regular until 1552; in 1867 it lost one member, and in 1885 its representation was merged in that of the county. By the charter of James I. the market See also:day was changed from Wednesday to Tuesday and See also:Friday; the Tuesday market disappeared during the loth century; the only existing fair is a small See also:pleasure fair of ancient origin held on Ash-Wednesday; the See also:annual fete on Whit-Monday claims to date from the time of See also:Alfred. In the Civil Wars Lichfield was divided. The cathedral authorities with a certain following were for the king, but the townsfolk generally sided with the parliament, and this led to the fortification of the close in 16 43. See also:Lord See also:Brooke, notorious for his hostility to the church, came against it, but was killed by a deflected See also:bullet on St Chad's day, an See also:accident welcomed as a See also:miracle by the Royalists. The close yielded and was retaken by See also:Prince See also:Rupert in this See also:year; but on the break-down of the king's cause in 1646 it again surrendered. The cathedral suffered terrible damage in these years.
See -Rev. T. Harwood, Hirt. and Antiquities of Church and City of Lichfield (18o6), See also:Victoria County History, See also:Stafford.
LICH-See also:GATE, or LYCx-GATE (from 0. Eng. lic " a body, a See also:corpse "; cf. Ger. Leiche), the roofed-in gateway or See also:porch-entrance to churchyards. Lich-See also:gates existed in England certainly thirteen centuries ago, but comparatively few early ones survive, as they were almost always of wood. One at See also:Bray, See also:Berkshire, is dated 1448. Here the See also:clergy meet the corpse and some portion of the service is read. The gateway was really part of the church; it also served to shelter the See also:pall-bearers while the bier was brought from the church. In some lich-gates there stood large See also:flat stones called lich-stones upon which the corpse, usually uncoffined, was laid. The most See also:common See also:form of lich-gate is a simple See also:shed composed of a roof with two gabled ends, covered with tiles or See also:thatch. At Berrynarbor, See also:Devon, there is a lich-gate in the form of a See also:cross, while at Troutbeck, See also:Westmorland, there are three lich-gates to one See also:churchyard. Some elaborate gates have See also:chambers over them. The word lick entered into See also:composition constantly in old English, thus, lich-See also:- BELL
- BELL, ALEXANDER MELVILLE (1819—1905)
- BELL, ANDREW (1753—1832)
- BELL, GEORGE JOSEPH (1770-1843)
- BELL, HENRY (1767-1830)
- BELL, HENRY GLASSFORD (1803-1874)
- BELL, JACOB (1810-1859)
- BELL, JOHN (1691-178o)
- BELL, JOHN (1763-1820)
- BELL, JOHN (1797-1869)
- BELL, ROBERT (1800-1867)
- BELL, SIR CHARLES (1774—1842)
bell, the See also:hand-bell See also:rung before a corpse; lich-way, the path along which a corpse was carried to See also:burial (this in some districts was supposed to establish a right-of-way); lich-See also:owl, the screech-owl, because its cry was a portent of See also:death; and lyke-See also:wake, a See also:night See also:watch over a corpse.
End of Article: LICHFIELD
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