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YORKSHIRE
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YORKSHIRE , a See also:north-eastern See also:county of See also:England, bounded N. by See also:Durham, E. by the North See also:Sea, S.E. by the See also:Humber See also:estuary (separating it from See also:Lincolnshire), S. by See also:Nottingham-See also:shire and See also:Derbyshire, S.W. for a See also:short distance by See also:Cheshire, W. by See also:Lancashire and N.W. by See also:Westmorland. It is the largest county in England, having an See also:area of 6o66.1 sq. m., and being more than See also:double the See also:size of Lincolnshire, which ranks next to it. In a description of the county it is constantly necessary to refer to its three See also:great divisions, the North See also:Riding, See also:East Riding and See also:West Riding (see RIDING, and See also:map of ENGLAND, Sections I., II.). The centre of the county is a See also:plain, which in the S., about the See also:head of the Humber, resembles the See also:Fens in See also:character. The hills W. of the central plain, covering nearly the whole of the W. Riding and the N.W. of the N. Riding, are See also:part of the great Pennine See also:Chain (q.v.). These hills consist of high-lying moorland, and are not generally remarkable for great beauty of outline. The higher parts are See also:bleak and See also:wild, and the slope towards the central plain is See also:gradual. The See also:chief beauty of the See also:district is to be found in the numerous deeply scored valleys or dales, such as Teesdale, Swaledale, See also:Wensleydale (q.v.), Nidderdale, Wharfedale and See also:Aire-See also:dale, in which the course of the streams is often broken by See also:water-falls, such as High Force in Teesdale and Aysgarth Force in Wensleydale. The hills E. of the central plain cannot be similarly considered as a unit. In the N., wholly within the N. Riding, a See also:line of heights known as the See also:Cleveland Hills, forming a See also:spur of the N. Yorkshire See also:Moors, ranges from Iwo to nearly 1500 ft., and overlooks rather abruptly the lowest part of the See also:Tees valley. The line of greatest See also:elevation approaches the central plain, and swings sharply S. in the Hambleton Hills to overlook it, while to the S. of the line See also:long deep dales carry tributary streams S. to the See also:river See also:Derwent, thus draining to the See also:Ouse. Eastward the N. Yorkshire moors give immediately upon the See also:coast. Their higher parts consist of open moorland. The remarkable upper valley of the Derwent (q.v.) marks off the N. Yorkshire moors from the Yorkshire wolds of the E. Riding, the river forming the boundary between the N. and E. See also:Ridings. The wolds superficially resemble the moors, inasmuch as they abut directly on the coast E.,'run thence W., and See also:swing S. to overlook the central plain. At the S. extremity they sink to the See also:shore of the Humber. Their greatest elevation is found near the W. See also:angle (Howardian Hills), but hardly reaches 80o ft. Eastward they encircle a See also:low-lying fertile See also:tract bounded S. by the Humber and E. by the North Sea. The name of Holderness is broadly applied to this low tract, though the See also:wapentake of that name includes properly only the E. of it. The diverse character of the coast may be inferred from the foregoing description. In the north, S. of Teesmouth, it is low for a short distance; then the E. abutments of the Cleveland Hills See also:form See also:fine cliffs, reaching at Boulby the highest elevation of sea-cliffs in England (666 ft.). Picturesque valleys bearing short streams break the line, notably that of the Esk, reaching the sea at See also:Whitby. The trend of the coast is at first S.E. and then S. See also:South of See also:Scarborough it sinks with the near approach of the Derwent valley, begins to rise again See also:round the shallow sweep of See also:Filey See also:Bay, and then springs seaward in the fine promontory of Flamborough Head (see See also:BRIDLINGTON). South of this, after the See also:sharp incurve of Bridlington Bay, the low coast-line of Holderness succeeds, long and unbroken, as far as Spurn Point, which encloses the mouth' of the Humber. Encroachments of the sea are frequent, but much See also:land has been reclaimed. There are several watering-places on the coast in high favour with visitors from the manufacturing districts. The See also:principal, from N. to S. are See also:Redcar, Saltburn-by-the-Sea, Whitby, See also:Robin See also:Hood's Bay, Scarborough (the largest of all), Filey, Bridlington and See also:Horn-sea. There are numerous See also:mineral springs in Yorkshire, the principal being those at See also:Harrogate. There is also a See also:spa at Scarborough, and others are Askern near See also:Doncaster, See also:Boston Spa near Harrogate, See also:Croft on the Tees near See also:Darlington, Hovingham, near See also:Malton, Guisbrough in Cleveland and Slaithwaite near See also:Huddersfield. The springs are chiefly sulphurous and chalybeate. By far the greater part of Yorkshire is within the drainage See also:basin of the Ouse, which with the See also:Trent makes the estuary of the Humber (q.v.). It is formed in the central plain by the junction of the See also:Ute and Swale, both rising in the Pennine hills; but whereas the Swale drains the N. of the plain, the lire, traversing Wensleydale, is enclosed by the hills over the greater part of its course. The Ouse also receives from the Pennine district the Nidd, traversing Nidderdale, the Wharfe, the Aire, with its tributary the See also:Calder, and the See also:Don. The Aire rises in the fine See also:gorge of Malham See also:Cove, from the subterranean waterways in the See also:limestone. None of these trihu_ taries is naturally navigable, but the Aire, Calder and Don are part canalized. From the E. the principal tributary is the Derwent, which on entering the central plain follows a course roughly parallel to that of the Ouse, and joins it in its See also:lower part, between See also:Selby and Howden. The See also:Foss joins the Ouse at See also:York. In the W. the county contains the headwaters of several streams of the W. slope of the Pennines, draining to the Irish Sea; of these the principal is the Ribble. In the N. the Tees forms most of the boundary with the county of Durham, but receives no large tributary from Yorkshire. In the S. of the W. Riding a few streams drain to the Trent. In Holderness, debarred by the wolds from the See also:general drainage See also:system of the county, the chief stream is the See also:Hull. The only sheets of water of any size are Semmer Water, in a See also:branch of Wensleydale; Malham See also:Tarn, near the head of Airedale. the effluent of which quickly disappears into an underground channel; and Hornsea See also:Mere, near the See also:flat seacoast at Hornsea. See also:Geology.—The great variety in the scenery of Yorkshire is but a reflection of the marked See also:differences in the See also:geological substructure. The stratification is for the most part See also:regular, but owing to a great line of dislocation nearly coincident with the W. boundary of the county the rocks See also:dip towards the E., while the strike of the strata is from N. to S. The bold and picturesque scenery of the western hills and dales is due to the effects of denudation among the harder rocks, which here come to the See also:surface. The strata in the Penninesconsist of (I) older Palaeozoic rocks, viz. a faulted inlier of See also:Silurian and Ordovician at See also:Horton in, Ribblesdale, and a small patch of Silurian at See also:Sedbergh with inliers of Coniston limestone; (2) the Carboniferous or See also:Mountain Limestone, which has been subjected to great dislocations, the more important of which are known as the N. and S. See also:Craven faults; (3) the Yoredale See also:series, consisting of shales, flagstones, limestones and thin seams of See also:coal; and (4) the Millstone Grit, forming part of the hilly moorlands, and capping many of the loftier eminences. In the W. Riding the Pennine range forms part of the elevated See also:country of Craven and Dent. The scenery in the W. of the N. Riding is somewhat similar to that in Craven, except that the lower hills are of sharper outline owing to the perpendicular limestone scars. To the intermingling of the limestone with the softer rocks are due the numerous "forces" or waterfalls, which are one of the See also:special features of the scenery of this district. The See also:action of water on the limestone rocks assisted by See also:joints and faults has given rise to extensive caverns, of which the best examples are those of Clapham and Ingleton in the W. Riding, as well as to subterranean watercourses. At Brimham, Plumpton and elsewhere there are fantastic masses of rocks due to irregular weathering of the Millstone Grit. The Pennine region is bounded on the S.E. by the Coal See also:Measures, forming the N. of the Derbyshire, Nottingham and Yorkshire coal-See also: In the See also:Middle Lias there is a seam of valuable See also:iron ore, the source of the prosperity of the Cleveland region. The moorlands extending from Scarborough and Whitby are formed of Liassic strata, topped with the estuarine beds of Lower Oolite, rising gradually to the N.E. and attaining at See also:Burton Head a height of 1489 ft., the greatest elevation of the Oolite formation in England. In the Oolitic " Dogger " series the magnetic iron ore of Rosedale is worked. See also:Corallian rocks form the scarp of the Hambleton hills and extend E. on the. N. of the Vale of See also:Pickering through Hackness to the coast, and S.W. of the vale to the neighbourhood of Malton. The, Vale of Pickering is underlaid by faulted Kimeridge Clay. Lias and Oolites fringe the E. of the Vale of York to Ferriby on the Humber. In the S.E. of the county, Cretaceous rocks See also:cover up the older strata, N. to the Vale of Pickering and W. to the Vale of York. The See also:Chalk forms the Yorkshire wolds and the country S. through See also:Driffield, See also:Beverley and Holderness. The Yorkshire coast between Redcar and Flamborough presents a continuous series of magnificent exposures of the strata from the Lower Lias to the Chalk. The Upper Lias fossils and See also:jet of Whitby and See also:alum shale of Saltwick are well known. At Scarborough the Corallian, See also:Oxford Clay, Kellaways Rock, See also:Cornbrash and Upper Estuarine beds are well exposed in the cliffs. In Filey Bay the Kimeridge Clay appears on the coast, but it is covered farther S, by the historic beds of Speeton, representing the marine equivalents of See also:Portland, Purbeck, See also:Wealden, and Love er See also:Greensand of S. England. Over the Speeton beds lies the Red Chalk, the Yorkshire See also:equivalent of the Upper Greensand and See also:Gault. The evidences of glacial action are of unusual See also:interest and variety; the great thickness of See also:boulder clay on the coast is See also:familiar to all, but inland also great deposits of glacial clay, See also:sand and gravel obscure the older geology. The Vale of Pickering and many of the smaller See also:northern valleys were at, we See also:period the sites of Glacial lakes, and the " warp " which covers much of the Vale of York is a fluvio-glacial See also:deposit. The Cleveland See also:Dike is an intrusive igneous dike of See also:augite-See also:andesite of See also:Tertiary See also:age which can be traced across the country in a N.W. direction from the neighbourhood of Fylingdales See also:Moor. Minerals.—The coal-field in the W. Riding is one of the chief See also:sources of mineral See also:wealth in Yorkshire, the most valuable seams being the Silkstone, which is bituminous and of the highest reputation as a See also:house coal, and the See also:Barnsley Thick Coal, the great seam of the Yorkshire coal-field, which is of special value, on See also:account of its semi-anthracitic quality, for. use in iron-smelting and in See also:engine furnaces. Associated with the Upper Coal Measures there is a valuable iron ore, occurring in the form of nodules. Large quantities of fireclay are also raised, as well as of gannister and oil-shale. Middlesbrough is the most important centre of See also:pig-iron manufacture in the See also:kingdom. See also:Lead ore is obtained in the Yoredale beds of the Pennine range in Wharfedale, Airedale, Nidderdale, Swale-dale, Arkendale and Wensleydale. Slates and flagstones are quarried in the Yoredale rocks. In the Millstone Grit there are several beds of See also:good See also:building See also: Ridings are among the principal See also:sheep-farming districts in England. See also:Cattle, for the rearing of which the W. Riding is most noted, do not receive great See also:attention. The Teeswater breed, however, is increasing in Yorkshire, and in Holderness there is a short-horned breed, chiefly valuable for its milking qualities. See also:Cheese-making is largely carried on in some districts. Of sheep perhaps the most See also:common breeds are the See also:Leicester, See also:Lincoln and South Down, and crosses between the Cheviot and the Leicester. Large See also:numbers of pigs are kept at the See also:dairy farms and fed mainly on whey. The small breed is that chiefly in favour. Yorkshire See also: Riding, and may be taken as marked off approximately by the See also:watershed from the similar district in S. Lancashire. The W. Riding is now the chief seat of the woollen manufacture of the See also:United Kingdom, and has almost a See also:monopoly in the See also:production of worsted cloths. The See also:early development of the See also:industry was in part due to the abundance of water-See also:power, while later the presence of coal helped to maintain it on the introduction of See also:steam-power. In this industry nearly all the most important towns are engaged, while the names of several of the largest are connected with various specialities. Thus, while almost every variety of woollen and worsted See also:cloth is produced at Leeds, See also:Bradford is especially concerned with yarns and mixed worsted goods, See also:Dewsbury and See also:Batley with See also:shoddy, Huddersfield with See also:fancy goods and See also:Halifax with carpets. The See also:cotton industry of Lancashire has also penetrated to the neighbourhood of Halifax. Among the characteristics of the industrial See also:population, the love of See also:music should be mentioned. Choral See also:societies are numerous, and the See also:work of some of those in the larger towns, such as Sheffield, Leeds and Bradford, has attracted wide See also:notice. Next to the woollen industry comes the manufacture of iron and See also:steel machinery and implements of every variety, which is common to most of the larger centres in the district. Sheffield is especially famous for iron-work, fine See also:metal-work and See also:cutlery. The development of the iron ore deposits of Cleveland See also:dates only from the middle of the 19th See also:century. About two and a See also:half million tons of pig-iron are produced in this district annually, and there are considerable attendant See also:industries, such as the production of steel, and See also:shipbuilding. The chemical manufacture is important both here and in the W. Riding, where also a great variety of See also:minor industries have sprung up. Such are See also:leather working (at Leeds), the manufacture of clothing, See also:printing and See also:bleaching, and See also:paper-making. Besides coal and iron ore, great quantities of clay, limestone and sandstone are raised. Excellent building-stone is obtained at several places in the W. Riding: The sea-See also:fisheries are of some importance, chiefly at Hull, Scarborough, Whitby and Filey. Communications.—N. and E. of Leeds communications are provided almost wholly by the North-Eastern railway, the See also:main line of which runs from Leeds and from Doncaster N. by York, See also:Thirsk and Northallerton. The main junction with the Great Northern line is effected immediately N. of Doncaster, at which See also:town are the Great Northern See also:works. This See also:company serves the chief centres of the W. Riding, as do also the Midland, Great Central, See also:London & North-Western, Lancashire & Yorkshire, and North- Eastern companies, the trains working over a See also:close network of lines, while the system of run!.See also:ing-See also:powers held by one or more companies over the lines of another assists intercommunication. The Midland main line to See also:Carlisle runs by Leeds, See also:Skipton and See also:Settle through the hilly country of the W. The Hull & Barnsley line runs from Hull to Barnsley. A See also:complete system of canals links the centres of the See also:southern W. Riding with the sea both E. and \V., the Aire & Calder See also:Navigation communicating with the Ouse at See also:Goole; the Huddersfield See also:canal runs S.W. into Lancashire, See also:crossing the watershed by the long Stanedge See also:tunnel, and other canals are the Leeds & See also:Liverpool, Calder & Nebble Navigation, and the Sheffield & South Yorkshire Navigation, which gives See also:access from Sheffield to the Trent. The Aire & Calder Navigation, the most important of these canals, which has branches from See also:Castleford to Leeds and See also:Wakefield, and other branches to Barnsley, Bradford and Selby, has a See also:total length of 85 m., and has been much improved since its construction. It was projected by See also: The manner in which the population is distributed may be inferred from the following statement of the See also:parliamentary divisions, parliamentary, county and muni•• cipal boroughs, and See also:urban districts in the three ridings. It should be premised that each of the three ridings is a distinct administrative county; though there is one high See also:sheriff for the whole county. The See also:city of York (pop. 77,914) is situated partly in each of the three ridings. The West Riding has an area of 1,771,562 acres, with a population in 1891 of 2,445,033, and in 1901 of 2,750,493. Of this area the S. industrial district, considered in the broadest application of the See also:term as extending between Sheffield and Skipton, Sheffield and Doncaster, and Leeds and the county boundary, covers rather less than one-half. The area thus defined includes the parliamentary divisions of Barnsley, See also:Colne Valley, See also:Elland, Hallamshire, See also:Holmfirth, See also:Keighley, See also:Morley, See also:Normanton, See also:Pudsey, See also:Rotherham, See also:Shipley, See also:Sowerby, Spen Valley. It also includes parts of the divisions of Barkston Ash, Doncaster, Osgoldcross, See also:Otley and Skipton (a small part). The remaining parts of these last divisions, with that of See also:Ripon, cover the See also:rest of the riding. Each See also:division returns one member. The following are parliamentary boroughs: Bradford, returning 3 members, Dewsbury i, Halifax 1, Huddersfield 1, Leeds 5, Pontefract 1, Sheffield 5, Wakefield 1. All these are within the industrial district. Within this district are the following municipal boroughs (pops. in 1901): Barnsley (41.086), Batley (30,321), Bradford, city and county See also:borough (279,767), See also:Brighouse (21,735), Dewsbury (28,060), Doncaster (28,932), Halifax, county borough (104,936), Huddersfield, county borough (95.047), Keighley (41,564), Leeds, city and county borough (428,968), Morley (23,636), See also:Ossett (12,903), Pontefract (13,427), Pudsey (14,907), Rotherham (54,349), Sheffield, city and county borough (409,070), See also:Todmorden (partly in Lancashire, 25,418), Wakefield, city (41,413). The only municipal boroughs elsewhere in the riding are Harrogate (28,423) and Ripon (See also:cathedral city, 8230). Within the industrial region there are 113 other urban districts, those with populations exceeding to,000 being See also:Bingley (18,449), Castleford (17,386), See also:Cleckheaton (12,524), Elland (10,412), See also:Feather-stone (12,093), See also:Handsworth (13,404), Hovland Nether (12,464), See also:Liversedge (13,980), See also:Mexborough (10,430), See also:Mirfield (11,341), Normanton (12,352), See also:Rawmarsh (14,587), See also:Rothwell (11,702), Saddle-See also:worth (12,320), Shipley (25,573), Skipton (11,986), Sowerby See also:Bridge (11,477), See also:Stanley (12,290), See also:Swinton (12,127), See also:Thornhill (10,290), See also:Wombwell (13,252), See also:Worsborough (10,336). The only urban districts in the West Riding not falling within the industrial region are—Goole (16,576), See also:Ilkley (7455), See also:Knaresborough (4979) and Selby (7786). The North Riding has an area of 1,362,378 acres, with a population in 1891 of 359,547 and in 1901 of 377,338. It comprises the parliamentary divisions of See also:Richmond, Cleveland, Whitby, and Thirsk and Malton, each returning one member; and the parliamentary boroughs of Middlesbrough (one member), Scarborough (one member), and parts of See also:Stockton-on-Tees and York. The municipal boroughs are Middlesbrough, county borough (91,302), Richmond (3837), Scarborough (38,161) and Thornaby-on-Tees (16,054). The urban districts are See also:Eston (11,199), See also:Guisborough 5645') Hinderweil (1937), Kirklington-cum-Upsland (255), See also:Loftus 6508), Malton (4758), Masham (1955), Northallerton (4009), Ormesby (9482), Pickering (3491), Redcar (7695), Saltburn-by-the-Sea (2578), Scalhy (135, See also:Skelton and Brotton (13,240), South 1 A ~:. °ten See also:Mao B Mao .. QS Ci l" / 1 t°JC)py T See also:Cam y Bdton i. 1 53 t / / - I Md° d,9at>J w., / Verb ow L See also:tool Y~ n n CS ~-,;,. 8 t ~op zxrti .,F -:s et'7r gn n . 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See also:Wentworth t bridge k b d6 ^~z !° t See also:Con ~1 80l .~ ::a; _ •„~ Tt ~. •e A,M. 5 .f upper erA'• 1 n(eld 11 g.wo ~f n y~ j° f.0 "'Rte 'See also:fit II a i J aW j- i aq~~gy'WP H(~rl; ~~ so See also:Newt 7L It e.Jy im-~ A Y.'Va(l°("/'y IBren 1 hi.reas! H\Y,M 8Oo rgh M! Rip tiE4 Wharnshf Sidf\ M II^ .See also:mss M 9 ` M .w \ - .B "" Sgt gnQ.J~ \ ~°i/.5! 3f'1•-N b $i P .,. \., aside/ f gNe 1GRatJl Bh mmY t / i d n, v \l Od 0 CT G db c)fY C lstdtn( iO5S0 ;yER.. b~ g 9adr<See also:Ida fi I di in i tIK ~~~iii~~Clleii d•~~1fU '. W 11fl W 1 6 ~9~~W ws f g< o\ 1 W D r/FI' N m,.ak DI'l, `~ ` s4B /dy o \m Ar tVil1 i<y . e I<~°' tall 7 C - df i7N Gg_ 7 O IC ~.. `M h J l p~e". i ~` t lento 2 'J. _' «et oAttntm5 k! \.moo.;-_ E pQrf. ` t - -1 N 3 / it boo gn ',Fr" ~rPT18 d D Nf,r I jt 9 h L tea. P t a a ,fi1i,•,,. p e '.c\ c. f l Y r / I 5/ P 7 wr f.• O f P np rt bw~. H e[,, u 4 Y; w.ng mOQi,°• ./~~ C { -` f ,n rn Jdl V ~~~.., LHtm< htsvl = \ „„,„„o,, ull<Y nd See also:Ea l hT v$ ~O~ ,9M<,,C y, . V` R "` a 316rov Ne~+ip,C f.0-d f D tho6tbh Cifl. 11511 ..ljuc 1 -,See also:yam B h S bI it / 'P ~\ o See also:JUS n v u R 1nrn `f/ H worn -'•~,/~+~~-'<.ti ~siu~~. gnlon a Ytb ~ ~ .. e a lr~ ~~9 .,r,See also:ben° '•amt.. a~. .„ wanPwN<tt A i See also:Longitude West a° of See also:Greenwich B + 45 _ ti \ t ,TO Wwrr.u.~ert.Jl.•t 'taw IW Urduwaev Dao .7. Dr tea. Y 1 9 I 4 I 4 i. ;Nt liotery'w.ik<r !e. See also:Bank in See also:Normanby (9645), Whitby (11,75 5). Of these, all except Kirklington, Malton, Masham, Northallerton, Pickering and Whitby are in the populous Cleveland district. Besides Pickering, there See also:lie at the S. of the Cleveland hills the small towns of See also:Kirkby Moorside (155o) and Helmsley (1363). South of the last-named is the See also:village of Ampleforth, with its large See also:Roman See also:Catholic See also:college, founded in 1802, and accommodating, in fine See also:modern buildings, about 120 students. The East Riding has an area of 750,039 acres, with a population in 1891 of 341,560 and in 1901 of 385,007. It comprises the parliamentary divisions of Buckrose, Howdenshire and Holderness, each returning one member; and contains the parliamentary borough of Hull, returning three members, and part of that of York. The municipal boroughs are Beverley (13,183), Bridlington (12,482), See also:Hedon (Iwo), and Hull, or See also:Kingston-upon-Hull, a city and county of a city and county borough (240,25 9). The urban districts are Cottingham, near Hull (3751), Filey (3003), Driffield (5766), Hessle, near Hull (3754), Hornsea (2381), See also:Norton, near Mallon (3842), Pocklington (2463) and Withernsea (1426). The West Riding comprises 9 wapentakes and the See also:liberty of Ripon. It has one See also:court of See also:quarter sessions and is divided into26 See also:petty sessional divisions. The boroughs of Bradford, Doncaster, Leeds, Pontefract, Rotherham and Sheffield, and the liberty of Ripon, have See also:separate courts of quarter sessions and commissions of the See also:peace; and Barnsley, Batley, Brighouse, Dewsbury, Halifax, Harrogate, Huddersfield, Keighley, Morley, Ossett and See also:Wake-field have commissions of the peace. The liberty and borough of Ripon are rated separately from the West Riding for the purposes of the county See also:rate. The North Riding comprises it wapentakes, and the liberties of E. and W. Langbaurgh and of Whitby Strand. It has one court of quarter sessions and is divided into 19 petty sessional divisions. The boroughs of Richmond and Scarborough have separate courts of quarter sessions and commissions of the peace, and the borough of Middlesbrough has a See also:commission of the peace. The East Riding comprises 6 wapentakes and has one court of quarter sessions, and is divided into 12 petty sessional divisions, while Hull has a separate court of quarter sessions and commission of the peace, and Beverley has a separate commission of the peace. The city of York has a separate court of quarter sessions and commission of the peace. Yorkshire is in the N.E. See also:circuit. The total number of See also:civil parishes is 1586. Additional information and CommentsThere are no comments yet for this article.
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