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SCARBOROUGH

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Originally appearing in Volume V24, Page 302 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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SCARBOROUGH , a municipal and See also:

parliamentary See also:borough and fashionable seaside resort in the See also:North See also:Riding of See also:Yorkshire, See also:England, 231 M. N. of See also:London, on the North-Eastern railway. Pop. (1891) 33,776; (1901) 38,161. From the bold and picturesque See also:coast a See also:hammer-like See also:peninsula (285 ft.) projects, separating North See also:Bay from See also:South Bay, and the See also:modern See also:extension of the See also:town fringes both of these. The peninsula is crowned by a 12th-See also:century See also:castle, though this naturally strong position was probably occupied earlier. There is a See also:moat (Castle Dyke) on the landward See also:side, and a See also:wall with towers also protects the castle in this direction. The keep, a lofty ruined See also:tower, is of See also:Norman date. The peninsula is much exposed to encroachment by the See also:sea. In 1190 the See also:plateau forming the castle yard was stated by See also:William of See also:Newburgh to be 6o acres in extent; it is now about 17. The See also:list of the See also:governors of the castle covers the See also:period from 1136 to 1832. Near the landward side of the See also:dike is the See also:church of St See also:Mary, finely situated, occupying the site of a Cistercian monastery of 1198.

It is transitional Norman and See also:

Early See also:English, with later additions. The See also:choir was occupied by the Roundheads during the See also:Commonwealth, and was wrecked by the castle guns. The tower See also:fell later, and was in See also:part rebuilt in the 17th century. The development of Scarborough as a watering-See also:place See also:dates from the See also:discovery in 162o by Mrs See also:Farren, a See also:resident, of See also:mineral springs. These springs, of which there are two, occur hear the See also:shore of the South Bay, and a handsome See also:Spa See also:House in pleasant gardens contains them. The south See also:spring is aperient, but contains some See also:iron; while the north or chalybeate spring is more tonic in its properties. They are still in use, though of less importance than formerly in comparison with the other attractions of the town. The sea-bathing is very See also:good, both bays having a sandy See also:foreshore. Well-planted grounds fringe the steep slope down to the North Bay, in which there is a See also:promenade See also:pier; the South Cliff is similarly adorned. It is approached from the north by a lofty See also:bridge over a See also:ravine, to the See also:west of which lies a pleasant See also:park. The See also:southern part of the town is the more fashionable portion. The See also:principal buildings of entertainment are the See also:aquarium (also used as a See also:concert See also:hall); the museum, a rotunda in Doric See also:style, containing excellent antiquarian and natural See also:history collections; two theatres, and the See also:assembly rooms attaching to the Spa House.

The promenades and drives are extensive, and there is an inclined See also:

tramway leading from See also:summit to See also:foot of the South Cliff. A See also:great marine drive, 4200 ft. See also:long, was opened in 1908. The neighbouring See also:country is exceedingly picturesque, with high-lying See also:moors intersected by narrow, well-wooded valleys. The See also:hydrography of the See also:district is remarkable, the See also:Derwent, which flows S.W. to the See also:Ouse and so to the See also:Humber, having one of its See also:sources near Scarborough within 2 M. of the sea. The See also:climate is healthy and temperate; See also:average temperature, 59.2° F. in See also:July, and in See also:January, 37.7. The See also:chief buildings of Scarborough apart from those already considered are the town hall, See also:market hall and public hall, several modern churches and chapels, and charitable and benevolent institutions. The See also:harbour, enclosed by piers and divided into two basins, lies on the south side of the castle peninsula. It is dry at See also:low See also:tide, but is accessible at spring tides to vessels of 13 ft. See also:draught. It is largely used by fishing boats. The parliamentary borough, falling within the See also:Whitby See also:division of the See also:county, returned two members until 1885, one since that date. The town is governed by a See also:mayor, 6 See also:alder-men and 18 councillors. See also:Area, 2373 acres.

Although there is no mention of Scarborough (Scardeburc, Escardebuc, Scardeburg, Scardeburk, Scartheburg, Schardeburg) in the Domes-See also:

day Survey the remains of See also:Roman roads leading to the town indicate that it was in early times a place of importance. The castle was built during the 12th century by William le See also:Gros, See also:earl of See also:Albemarle, who See also:chose the site on the See also:top of a steep cliff now called the " Scaur." See also:Henry II. added greatly to its strength. From this See also:time it was in the hands of a See also:line of distinguished nobles appointed by the See also:king. Scarborough is a borough by See also:prescription. Its first See also:charter of 1181 granted that the burgesses should possess all liberties in the same way as the citizens of See also:York. They were also to render to the king yearly 4d. for every house whose gable was turned to the way, and 6d. for those whose sides were turned to the way. This charter was confirmed with various alterations and extensions by most of the succeeding monarchs. Henry III. in 1253 granted that a See also:court of pleas should be held at Scarborough by the justices who went to hold See also:common pleas at York; he also gave the See also:corporation a gild See also:merchant. See also:Edward II. caused the town to be taken away from the burgesses " for certain causes," but it was restored to them by, Edward III. in 1327. The charter of Edward III. in 1356 sets forth and confirms the privileges of the borough. See also:Richard III. by his charter of 1485 appointed that the town should be governed by a mayor, See also:sheriff and twelve aldermen, and also granted amongst other extensive privileges that this town with the See also:manor of Whallesgrave should be a county of itself. However, on the See also:death of Richard III. the charter took no effect, and the corporation returned to its See also:ancient mode of See also:government.

In 1684 a mayor, 12 aldermen and 31 common councilmen were nominated as governors. Scarborough returned two members to See also:

parliament from 1295 to 1885. It is said that Henry II. held a market here which he granted to the burgesses, but of this there is no mention in subsequent charters. In 1253 Henry III. granted a yearly See also:fair lasting from the See also:Assumption of St Mary to the following Michaelmas. This fair was originally held pn the sands. See also:Jet was formerly an important manufacture. See See also:Thomas Hinderwell, History of Scarborough (Scarborough, 1832); J. B. See also:Baker, History of Scarborough (London, 1882).

End of Article: SCARBOROUGH

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