|
See also:HAMMER, See also:FRIEDRICH See also:JULIUS (1810-1862) , See also:German poet, was See also:born on the 7th of See also:June r810 at See also:Dresden. In 1831 he went to See also:Leipzig to study See also:law, but devoted himself mainly to See also:philosophy and belles lettres. Returning to Dresden in 1834 a small See also:comedy, Das seltsame Friihstuck, introduced him to the See also:literary society of the See also:capital, notably to See also:Ludwig See also:Tieck, and from this See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time he devoted himself entirely to See also:writing. Iri 1837 he returned to Leipzig, and, coming again to Dresden, from 1851 to 1859 edited the See also:feuilleton of Slichsische konstitutionelle Zeitung, and took the See also:lead in the See also:foundation in 1855 of the See also:Schiller See also:Institute in Dresden. His See also:marriage in 1851 had made him See also:independent, and he bought a small See also:property at See also:Pillnitz, on which, soon after his return from a See also:residence of several years at See also:Nuremberg, he died, on the 23rd of See also:August 1862,
Hammer wrote, besides several comedies, a See also:drama See also:Die Bruder (1856), a number of unimportant romances, and the novel Einkehr and Umkehr (Leipzig, 1856); but his reputation rests upon his epigrammatic and didactic poems. His Schau' um See also:dick, and schau' in dich (1851), which made his name, has passed through more than See also:thirty See also:editions. It was followed by Zu See also:alien guten Stunden (1854), Fester Grund (1857), Auf stillen Wegen (18J9), and Lerne, liebe, lebe (1862). Besides these he wrote a See also:book of See also:Turkish songs, Unter dem Halbmond (Leipzig, 186o), and rhymed versions of the See also:psalms (1861), and compiled the popular religious See also:anthology Leben and Heimat in Gott, of which a 14th edition was published in 'goo.
See C. G. E. Am Ende, Julius Hammer (Nuremberg, 1872). HAMMER, an See also:implement consisting of a See also:shaft or handle with See also:head fixed transversely to it. The head, usually of See also:- METAL
- METAL (through Fr. from Lat. metallum, mine, quarry, adapted from Gr. µATaXAov, in the same sense, probably connected with ,ueraAAdv, to search after, explore, µeTa, after, aAAos, other)
metal, has one See also:flat See also:face, the other may be shaped to serve various purposes, e.g. with a claw, a pick, &c. The implement is used for breaking, beating, See also:driving nails, rivets, &c., and the word is applied to heavy masses of metal moved by machinery, and used for similar purposes. (See See also:TooL.) " Hammer " is a word See also:common to See also:Teutonic See also:languages. It appears in the same See also:form in German and Danish, and in Dutch as hamer, in See also:Swedish as hammare. The ultimate origin is unknown. It has been connected with the See also:root seen in the See also:Greek Kaµorrety, to See also:bend; the word would mean, therefore, something crooked or See also:bent. A more See also:illuminating See also:suggestion connects the word with the See also:Slavonic kamy, a See also:- STONE
- STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
- STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
- STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
- STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
- STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
- STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
- STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
- STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)
stone, cf. See also:Russian kamen, and ultimately with See also:Sanskrit acman, a pointed stone, a thunderbolt. The See also:legend of See also:Thor's hammer, the thunderbolt, and the See also:probability of the See also:primitive hammer being a stone, adds plausibility to this derivation. The word is applied to many See also:objects resembling a hammer in shape or See also:function. Thus the " striker " in a See also:clock, or in a See also:- BELL
- BELL, ALEXANDER MELVILLE (1819—1905)
- BELL, ANDREW (1753—1832)
- BELL, GEORGE JOSEPH (1770-1843)
- BELL, HENRY (1767-1830)
- BELL, HENRY GLASSFORD (1803-1874)
- BELL, JACOB (1810-1859)
- BELL, JOHN (1691-178o)
- BELL, JOHN (1763-1820)
- BELL, JOHN (1797-1869)
- BELL, ROBERT (1800-1867)
- BELL, SIR CHARLES (1774—1842)
bell, when it is sounded by an independent See also:lever and not by the swinging of the " See also:tongue," is called a " hammer "; similarly, in the " See also:action " of a See also:pianoforte the word is used of a wooden shank with See also:felt-covered head attached to a See also:key, the striking of which throws the "hammer" against the strings. In the mechanism of a See also:fire-See also:arm, the " hammer " is that See also:part which by its impact on the cap or primer explodes the See also:charge. (See See also:GuN.) The hammer, more usually known by its See also:French name of martel de fer, was a See also:medieval See also:hand-weapon. With a See also:long shaft it was used by See also:infantry, especially when acting against mounted troops. With a See also:short handle and usually made altogether of metal, it was also used by See also:horse-soldiers. The martel had one part of the head with a blunted face, the other pointed, but occasionally both sides were pointed. There are 16th See also:century examples in which a hand-gun forms the handle. The name of " hammer," in Latin malleus, has been frequently applied to men, and also to books, with reference to destructive See also:power. Thus on the See also:tomb of See also:Edward I. in See also:Westminster See also:Abbey is inscribed his name of Scotorum Malleus, the " Hammer of the Scots." The See also:title of " Hammer of Heretics," Malleus Haereticorum, has been given .to St See also:Augustine and to Johann See also:Faber, whose See also:tract against See also:Luther is also known by the name. See also:- THOMAS
- THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
- THOMAS (d. 110o)
- THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
- THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
- THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
- THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
- THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
- THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
- THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
- THOMAS, ST
- THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
- THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)
Thomas See also:Cromwell was styled Malleus Monachorum. The famous See also:text-book of See also:procedure in cases of See also:witchcraft, published by See also:Sprenger and Kramer in 1489, was called Hexenhammer or Malleus Maleficarum (see See also:WITCH-
See also:CRAFT).
expedition for the measurement of the arc of the See also:meridian in 1816-1852. Nor is this its only association with See also:science; for it was one of the spots chosen by See also:Sir Edward See also:Sabine for his See also:series of pendulum experiments in 1823.
The ascent of the Sadlen or the Tyven in the neighbourhood is usually undertaken by travellers for the view of the barren, See also:snow-clad See also:Arctic landscape, the See also:bluff indented See also:coast, and the vast expanse of the Arctic Ocean.
HAMMER-KOP, or HAMMERHEAD, an See also:African See also:bird, which has been regarded as a See also:stork and as a See also:heron, the Scopus See also:umbrella of ornithologists, called the " Umbre " by T. See also:Pennant, now placed in a See also:separate See also:family Scopidae between the herons and storks. It was discovered by M. See also:Adanson, the French traveller, in See also:Senegal about the See also:middle of the 19th century, and was described by M. J. See also:Brisson in 176o. It has since been found to inhabit nearly the whole of See also:Africa and See also:Madagascar, and is the " hammerkop " (hammerhead) of the Cape colonists. Though not larger than a See also:raven, it builds an enormous See also:nest, some six feet in See also:diameter, with a flat-topped roof and a small hole for entrance and exit, and placed either on a See also:- TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
- TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )
tree or a rocky ledge. The bird, of an almost See also:uniform See also:- BROWN
- BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
- BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
- BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
- BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
- BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
- BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
- BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
- BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
- BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
- BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
- BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
- BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
- BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
- BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
- BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
- BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
- BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
- BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
- BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
- BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
- BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
- BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)
brown See also:colour, slightly glossed with See also:purple and its tail barred with See also:black, has a long occipital See also:crest, generally See also:borne horizontally, so as to give rise to its common name. It is some-what sluggish by See also:day, but displays much activity at dusk, when it will go through a series of See also:strange performances. (A. N.)
HAMMER-PURGSTALL, See also:JOSEPH, FREIHERR VON (1774-1856), See also:Austrian orientalist, was born at See also:Graz on the 9th of June 1774, the son of Joseph Johann von Hammer, and received his See also:early See also:education mainly in See also:Vienna. Entering the See also:diplomatic service in 1796, he was appointed in 1799 to a position in the Austrian See also:embassy in See also:Constantinople, and in this capacity he took part in the expedition under See also:Admiral Sir See also:- WILLIAM
- WILLIAM (1143-1214)
- WILLIAM (1227-1256)
- WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
- WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
- WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
- WILLIAM, 13TH
William See also:Sidney See also:- SMITH
- SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
- SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
- SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
- SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
- SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
- SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
- SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
- SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
- SMITH, G
- SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
- SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
- SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
- SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
- SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
- SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
- SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
- SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
- SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
- SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
- SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
- SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
- SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
- SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
- SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
- SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
- SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
- SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
- SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
- SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
- SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
- SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
- SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
- SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
- SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
- SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
- SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
- SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)
Smith and See also:General Sir See also:John Hely See also:Hutchinson against the French. In 1807 he returned See also:home from the See also:East, after which he was made a privy councillor, and, on inheriting in 1835 the estates of the countess Purgstall in See also:Styria, was given the title of " freiherr." In 1847 he was elected See also:president of the newly-founded See also:academy, and he died at Vienna on the 23rd of See also:November 1856.
For fifty years Hammer-Purgstall wrote incessantly on the most diverse subjects and published numerous texts and See also:translations of Arabic, See also:Persian and Turkish authors. It was natural that a See also:scholar who traversed so large a See also:- FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
- FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
- FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
- FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
- FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
- FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
- FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
- FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
- FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
- FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
- FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)
field should See also:lay himself open to the See also:criticism of specialists, and he was severely handled by Friedrich See also:Christian See also:Diez (1794-1876), who, in his Unfug and Betrug (1815), devoted to him nearly 600 pages of abuse. Von Hammer-Purgstall did for See also:Germany the same See also:work that Sir William See also:- JONES
- JONES, ALFRED GILPIN (1824-1906)
- JONES, EBENEZER (182o-186o)
- JONES, ERNEST CHARLES (1819-1869)
- JONES, HENRY (1831-1899)
- JONES, HENRY ARTHUR (1851- )
- JONES, INIGO (1573-1651)
- JONES, JOHN (c. 1800-1882)
- JONES, MICHAEL (d. 1649)
- JONES, OWEN (1741-1814)
- JONES, OWEN (1809-1874)
- JONES, RICHARD (179o-1855)
- JONES, SIR ALFRED LEWIS (1845-1909)
- JONES, SIR WILLIAM (1746-1794)
- JONES, THOMAS RUPERT (1819– )
- JONES, WILLIAM (1726-1800)
Jones (q.v.) did for See also:England and See also:Silvestre de Sacy for See also:France. He was, like his younger but greater See also:English See also:con-temporary, Edward William See also:Lane, with whom he came into friendly conflict on the subject of the origin of The Thousand and One Nights, an assiduous worker, and in spite of many faults did more for See also:oriental studies than most of his critics put together.
Von Hammer's See also:principal work is his Geschichte See also:des osmanischen Reiches (10 vols., Pesth, 1827-1835). Another edition of this was published at Pesth in 1834-1835, and it has been translated into French by J. J. Hellert (1835-1843). Among his other See also:works are Constantinopolis and der Bosporos (1822); Sur See also:les origines russes (St See also:Petersburg, 1825) ; Geschichte der osmanischen Dichtkunst (1836); Geschichte der Goldenen See also:Horde in Kiptschak (184o); Geschichte der Chane der Krim (1856); and an unfinished Litteraturgeschichte der Araber (1850-1856). His Geschichte der Assassinen (1818) has been translated into English by O. C. See also:Wood (1835). Texts and translations— Eth-Thaalabi, Arab. and Ger. (1829) ; See also:Ibn Wahshiyah, See also:History of the See also:Mongols, Arab..and Eng. (1806); El - Wassaf, Pers. and Ger. (1856) ; Esch - Schebistani's' Rosenflor des Geheimnisses, Pers. and Ger. (1838) ; Ez - Zamakhsheri, Goldene Halsbdnder, Arab. and Germ. (1835) ; El-Ghazzalz, Hujjet-el-See also:Islam, Arab. and Ger. (1838); El-Hamawi, Das arab. Hoke Lied der Liebe, 'Arab. and Ger. (1854). Translations of—El-Mutanebbi's Poems; Er-Resmi's See also:Account of his Embassy (1809); Conies inedits des zoo' nuits (1828). Besides these and smaller works, von Hammer contributed numerous essays and criticisms to the Fundgruben des Orients, which he edited; to the See also:Journal asiatique; and to many other learned See also:journals; above all to the Transactions of the " Akademie der Wissenschaften " of Vienna, of which he.was mainly thefounder; and he translated Evliya See also:Effendi's Travels in See also:Europe, for the English Oriental See also:Translation Fund. For a See also:fuller See also:list of his works, which amount in all to nearly 10o volumes, see Comptes rendus of the Acad. des Inscr. et des Belles-Lettres (1857). See also Schlottman, Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall (See also:Zurich, 1857).
End of Article: HAMMER, FRIEDRICH JULIUS (1810-1862)
Additional information and Comments
There are no comments yet for this article.
Please link directly to this article:
Highlight the code below, right click, and select "copy." Then paste it into your website, email, or other HTML.
Site content, images, and layout Copyright © 2006 - Net Industries, worldwide.
Do not copy, download, transfer, or otherwise replicate the site content in whole or in part.
Links to articles and home page are always encouraged.
|
del.icio.us it!