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JONES . See also:JOHN See also:PAUL (1747--1792), See also:American See also:naval officer, was See also:born on the 6th of See also:July 1747, on the See also:estate of Arbigland, in the See also:parish of Kirkbean and the stewartry of See also:Kirkcudbright, See also:Scotland. His See also:father, John Paul, was gardener to See also:Robert See also:Craik, a member of See also:parliament; and his See also:mother, See also:Jean See also:Macduff, was the daughter of a Highlander. See also:Young John Paul, at the See also:age of twelve, became shipmaster's apprentice to a See also:merchant of See also:- WHITE
- WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
- WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
- WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
- WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
- WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
- WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
- WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
- WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
- WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
- WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
- WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
- WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
- WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)
White-haven, named Younger. At seventeen he shipped as second See also:mate and in the next See also:year as first mate in one of his See also:master's vessels; on being released from his indentures, he acquired an See also:interest in a See also:ship, and as first mate made two voyages between See also:Jamaica and the See also:Guinea See also:coast, trading in slaves. Becoming dissatisfied with this See also:kind of employment, he sold his See also:share in the ship and embarked for See also:England. During the voyage both the See also:captain and the mate died of See also:fever, and John Paul took command and brought the ship safely to See also:port. The owners gave him and the See also:- CREW (sometimes explained as a sea term of Scandinavian origin, cf. O. Icel. kris, a swarm or crowd, but now regarded as a shortened form of accrue, accrewe, used in the 16th century in the sense of a reinforcement, O. Fr. acreue, from accrofire, to grow,
- CREW, NATHANIEL CREW, 3RD BARON (1633–1721)
crew to% of the See also:cargo; after 1768, as captain of one of their merchantmen, John Paul made several voyages to See also:America; but for unknown reasons he suddenly gave up his command to live in America in poverty and obscurity until 1775. During this See also:period he assumed the name of Jones, apparently out of regard for Willie Jones, a wealthy planter and prominent See also:political See also:leader of See also:North Carolina, who had befriended John Paul in his days of poverty.
When See also:war See also:broke out between England and her American colonies, John Paul Jones was commissioned as a first See also:lieutenant by the See also:Continental See also:Congress, on the 22nd of See also:December 1775. In 1776 he participated in the unsuccessful attack on the See also:island of New See also:Providence, and as See also:commander first of the " Providence "and then of the " See also:Alfred " he cruised between Bermuda and Nova See also:Scotia, inflicting much damage on See also:British See also:shipping and See also:fisheries. On the loth of See also:October 1776 he was promoted captain. On the 1st of See also:November 1777 he sailed in the See also:sloop-of-war " See also:Ranger " for See also:France with despatches for the American commissioners, announcing the surrender of See also:Burgoyne and asking that Jones should be supplied with a See also:swift See also:frigate for harassing the coasts of England. Failing to secure a frigate, Jones sailed from See also:Brest in the " Ranger " on the loth of See also:April 1778. A few days later he surprised the garrisons of the two forts commanding the See also:harbour of See also:Whitehaven, a port with which he was See also:familiar from boyhood, spiked the guns and made an unsuccessful See also:attempt to See also:fire the shipping. Four days thereafter he encountered the British sloop-of-war " See also:Drake," a See also:vessel slightly See also:superior to his in fighting capacity, and after an See also:hour's engagement the British ship struck her See also:colours and was taken to Brest. By this exploit Jones became a See also:great See also:hero in the eyes of the See also:French, just beginning a war with Great See also:Britain. With the See also:rank of See also:commodore he was now put at the See also:head of a See also:squadron of five See also:ships. His See also:flagship, the " Duras," a re-fitted See also:East Indiaman, was re-named by him the " Bonhomme See also:Richard," as a compliment to See also:Benjamin See also:Franklin, whose Poor Richard's See also:Almanac was then popular in France. On the 14th of See also:August the five ships sailed from L'Orient, accompanied by two French privateers. Several of the French commanders under Jones proved insubordinate, and the privateers and three of the men-of-war soon deserted him. With the others, however, he continued to take prizes, and even planned to attack the port of See also:Leith, but was prevented by unfavourable winds. On the evening of the 23rd of See also:September the three men-of-war sighted two British men-of-war, the" See also:Serapis " and the "Countess of Scarbrough," off Flamborough Head. The " See also:Alliance," commanded by Captain Landais, made off, leaving the " Bonhomme Richard " and the " See also:Pallas " to engage the Englishmen. Jones engaged the greatly superior " Serapis," and after a desperate See also:battle of three and a See also:half See also:hours compelled the See also:English ship to surrender. The " Countess of Scarbrough " had meanwhile struck to the more formidable " Pallas." Jones transferred his men and supplies to the " Serapis," and the next See also:day the " Bonhomme Richard " sank.
During the following year Jones spent much of his See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time in See also:Paris. See also:- LOUIS
- LOUIS (804–876)
- LOUIS (893–911)
- LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
- LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian
Louis XVI. gave him a See also:gold-hilted See also:sword and the royal See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order of military merit, and made him See also:chevalier of France. See also:Early in 1781 Jones returned to America to secure a new command. Congress offered him the command of the " America," a frigate then See also:building, but the vessel was shortly afterwards given to France. In November 1783 he was sent to Paris as See also:agent for the prizes captured in See also:European See also:waters under his own command, and although he gave much See also:attention to social affairs and engaged in several private business enter-prises, he was very successful in See also:collecting the See also:prize See also:money. Early in 1787 he returned to America and received a gold See also:medal from Congress in .recognition of his services.
In 1788 Jones entered the service of the empress See also:Catherine of See also:Russia, avowing his intention, however, to preserve the See also:condition of an American See also:citizen and officer." As a See also:rear-See also:admiral he took See also:part in the naval See also:campaign in the Liman (an See also:arm of the See also:Black See also:Sea, into which flow the See also:Bug and See also:Dnieper See also:rivers) against the Tuxks, but the jealous intrigues of See also:Russian See also:officers caused him to be recalled to St See also:Petersburg for the pretended purpose of being transferred to a command in the North Sea. Here he was compelled to remain in idleness, while See also:rival officers plotted against him and even maliciously assailed his private See also:character. In August 1789 he See also:left St Petersburg a bitterly disappointed See also:man. In May 1790 he arrived in Paris, where he remained in retirement during the See also:rest of his See also:life, although he made several efforts to re-enter the Russian service.
Undue exertion and exposure had wasted his strength before he reached the See also:prime of life, and after an illness, in which he was attended by the See also:queen's physician, he died on the 18th of July 1792. His See also:body was interred in the St Louis See also:cemetery for See also:foreign Protestants, the funeral expenses being paid from the private See also:purse of See also:Pierrot See also:Francois Simmoneau, the See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king's
See also:commissary. In the confusion during the following years the See also:burial See also:place of Paul Jones was forgotten; but in See also:June 1899 See also:General See also:Horace See also:Porter, American See also:ambassador to France, began a systematic See also:search for the body, and after excavations on the site of the old See also:Protestant cemetery, now covered with houses, a leaden See also:coffin was discovered, which contained the body in a remarkable See also:state of preservation. In July 1905 a See also:fleet of American war-ships carried the body to See also:Annapolis, where it now rests in one of the buildings of the naval See also:academy.
Jones was a See also:seaman of great bravery and technical ability, but over-jealous of his reputation and inclined to be querulous and boastful. The charges by the English that he was a pirate were particularly galling to him. Although of unprepossessing See also:appearance, 5 ft. 7 in. in height and slightly See also:round-shouldered, he was noted for his pleasant See also:manners and was welcomed into the most brilliant courts of See also:Europe.
See also:Romance has played with the memory of Paul Jones to such an extent that few accounts of his life are correct. Of the early See also:biographies the best are Sherburne's (See also:London, 1825), chiefly a collection of Jones's See also:correspondence; the Janette-See also:- TAYLOR
- TAYLOR, ANN (1782-1866)
- TAYLOR, BAYARD (1825–1878)
- TAYLOR, BROOK (1685–1731)
- TAYLOR, ISAAC (1787-1865)
- TAYLOR, ISAAC (1829-1901)
- TAYLOR, JEREMY (1613-1667)
- TAYLOR, JOHN (158o-1653)
- TAYLOR, JOHN (1704-1766)
- TAYLOR, JOSEPH (c. 1586-c. 1653)
- TAYLOR, MICHAEL ANGELO (1757–1834)
- TAYLOR, NATHANIEL WILLIAM (1786-1858)
- TAYLOR, PHILIP MEADOWS (1808–1876)
- TAYLOR, ROWLAND (d. 1555)
- TAYLOR, SIR HENRY (1800-1886)
- TAYLOR, THOMAS (1758-1835)
- TAYLOR, TOM (1817-1880)
- TAYLOR, WILLIAM (1765-1836)
- TAYLOR, ZACHARY (1784-1850)
Taylor Collection (New See also:York, 1830), containing numerous extracts from his letters and See also:journals; and the life by A. S. See also:MacKenzie (2 vols., New York, 1846). In See also:recent years a number of new biographies have appeared, including A. C. See also:Buell's (2 vols., 1900), the trustworthiness of which has been discredited, and Hutchins Hapgood's in the See also:Riverside See also:Biographical See also:Series (19o1). The life by See also:Cyrus Townsend See also:Brady in the " Great Commanders Series " (1900) is perhaps the best.
End of Article: JONES
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