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CALDER

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Originally appearing in Volume V04, Page 984 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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CALDER , an See also:

ancient See also:district of Midlothian, See also:Scotland. It has been divided into the parishes of See also:Mid-Calder (pop. in See also:root 3132) and See also:West- Calder (pop. 8092), See also:East-Calder belonging to the See also:parish of Kirknewton (pop. 3221). The whole locality owes much of its commercial importance and prosperity to the enormous- development of the See also:mineral oil See also:industry. See also:Coal-See also:mining is also extensively pursued, See also:sandstone and See also:limestone are worked, and See also:paper. See also:mills flourish. Mid-Calder, a See also:town on the See also:Almond (pop. 703), has an ancient See also:church, and See also:John Spottiswood (1510-1585), the Scottish reformer, was for many years See also:minister. His sons—John, See also:archbishop of St See also:Andrews, and See also:James (1567-1645), See also:bishop of Clogher—were both See also:born at Mid-Calder. West-Calder is situated on Breich See also:Water, an affluent of the Almond, 151 m. S.W. of See also:Edinburgh by the Caledonian railway, and is the See also:chief centre of the district. Pop.

(1901) 2652. At Addiewell, about 11 m. S.W., the manufacture of See also:

ammonia, See also:naphtha, See also:paraffin oil and candles is carried on, the See also:village practically dating from 1866, and having in 1901 a See also:population cif 1591. The Highland and Agricultural Society have an experimental See also:farm at Pumpherston (pop. 1462). The district contains several tumuli, old ruined castles and a See also:Roman See also:camp in See also:fair preservation.

End of Article: CALDER

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