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GHEE (Hindostani ghi)

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Originally appearing in Volume V11, Page 919 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.

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GHEE (Hindostani ghi)

GHEE (See also:
HINDOSTANI
HINDOSTANI (properly Hindustani, of or belonging to Hindostan')
Hindostani ghi) , a See also:

KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of clarified See also:

BUTTER (Lat. butyrum, Gr. 0obrvpov, apparently connected with $ous, cow, and rvpbs, cheese, but, according to the New English Dictionary, perhaps of Scythian origin)

butter made in the See also:

East. The best is prepared from butter of the See also:

MILK (0. Eng. meoluc; from a common Indo-European root, cf. Lat. mulgere, Gr. ?t dXyetv)

milk of cows, the less esteemed from that of buffaloes. The butter is melted over a slow See also:

FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire, and set aside to cool; the thick, opaque, whitish, and more fluid portion, or ghee, representing the greater bulk of the butter, is then removed. The less liquid See also:

RESIDUE (through the French, from the Lat. residuum, a remainder, from residere, to remain)

residue, mixed with ground-See also:

nut oil, is sold as an inferior kind of ghee. It may be obtained also by boiling butter over a clear fire, skimming it the while, and, when all the See also:

WATER

water has evaporated, straining it through a See also:

CLOTH

cloth. Ghee which is rancid or tainted, as is often that of the See also:

INDIAN

Indian bazaars, is said to be rendered sweet by boiling with leaves of the Moringa pterygosperma or See also:

HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse-See also:

RADISH

radish See also:

tree. In See also:

India ghee is one of the commonest articles of See also:

DIET

diet, and indeed enters into the See also:

composition of everything eaten by the Brahmans. It is also extensively used in Indian religious ceremonies, being offered as a See also:

SACRIFICE (from Lat. sacrificium; sacer, holy, and facere, to make)

sacrifice to idols, which are at times bathed in it. See also:

SANSKRIT

Sanskrit See also:

TREATISES

treatises on See also:

THERAPEUTICS (Gr. BepaaeuTLKIi, Sc. TEXVrt, from Beparebsty, to serve)

therapeutics describe ghee as cooling, emollient and stomachic, as capable of increasing the See also:

MENTAL

mental See also:

POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers, and of improving the See also:

VOICE (Fr. voix, from Lat. vox)

voice and See also:

PERSONAL

personal See also:

APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance, and as useful in See also:

eye-diseases, tympanitis, painful See also:

DYSPEPSIA (from the Gr. prefix Sur-, hard, ill, and 'irirreiv, to digest)

dyspepsia, wounds, ulcers and other affections. Old ghee is in See also:

SPECIAL

special repute among the See also:

HINDUS

Hindus as a medicinal See also:

AGENT (from Lat. agere, to act)

agent, and its efficacy as an See also:

EXTERNAL

external application is believed by them to increase with its See also:

AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age. Ghee more than ten years old, the purana ghrita of Sanskrit materia medicas, has a strong odour and the See also:

COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour of See also:

lac. Some specimens which have been much longer preserved—and " clarified butter a See also:

HUNDRED

hundred years old is often heard of "—have an earthy look, and are quite dry and hard, and nearly inodorous.

Medicated ghee is made by warming See also:

ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary ghee The See also:

WEALTH

wealth brought back to See also:

GHAZNI

Ghazni was enormous, and See also:

con-temporary historians give glowing descriptions of the magnificence of the See also:

capital, as well as of the conqueror's munificent support of literature. Mahmud died in 1030, and some fourteen See also:

KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings of his See also:

house came after him; but though there was some revival of importance under See also:

IBRAHIM

Ibrahim (1059-1099), the See also:

EMPIRE

empire never reached anything like the same splendour and See also:

POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power. It was overshadowed by the See also:

SELJUKS

Seljuks of See also:

PERSIA

Persia, and by the rising rivalry of See also:

GHOR, or GHUR

Ghor (q.v.), the hostility of which it had repeatedly provoked. Bahram Shah (1118-1152) put to See also:

DEATH

death Kutbuddin, one of the princes of Ghor, called See also:

king of the Jibal or See also:

Hill See also:

COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country, who had withdrawn to Ghazni. This See also:

prince's See also:

BROTHER

brother, Saifuddin Suri, came to take vengeance, and drove out Bahram. But the latter recapturing the See also:

PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place (1149) paraded Saifuddin and his See also:

VIZIER

vizier ignominiously about the See also:

CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city, and then hanged them on the See also:

BRIDGE

bridge. See also:

Ala-uddin of Ghor, younger brother of the two slain princes, then gathered a See also:

GREAT

great See also:

HOST

host, and came against Bahram, who met him on the See also:

HELMUND

Helmund. The Ghori prince, after repeated victories, stormed Ghazni, and gave it over to fire and See also:

SWORD (0. Eng. sweord; ultimately from an Indo-European root meaning to wound)

sword. The dead kings of the house of Mahmud, except the conqueror himself and two others, were torn from their See also:

GRAVES, ALFRED PERCEVAL (1846— )

graves and burnt, whilst the bodies of the princes of Ghor were solemnly disinterred and carried to the distant tombs of their ancestors. It seems certain that Ghazni never recovered the splendour that perished then (1152). Ala-uddin, who from this See also:

DEED (in O. Eng. dead, from the stem of the verb " to do ")

deed became known in See also:

HISTORY

history as Jahan-soz (BrIlemonde), returned to Ghor, and Bahram reoccupied Ghazni; he died in 1157. In the See also:

time of his son Khusru Shah, Ghazni was taken by the See also:

TURKISH

Turkish tribes called Ghuzz (generally believed to have been what are now called Turkomans).

The king fled to See also:

LAHORE

Lahore, and the See also:

DYNASTY (Gr. &vvaareta, sovereignty, the position of a hevnori7r, lord, ruler, from SuvaaBay to be able, Suvaµas, power)

dynasty ended with his son. In 1173 the Ghuzz were expelled by Ghiyasuddin See also:

SULTAN (an Arabic word meaning " victorious " or " a ruler," sultat, dominion)

sultan of Ghor (See also:

NEPHEW

nephew of Ala-uddin Jahansoz), who made Ghazni over to his brother Muizuddin. This famous prince, whom the later historians See also:

CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call Mahommed Ghori, shortly afterwards (1174-1175) invaded India, taking See also:

MULTAN, or MOOLTAN

Multan and Uchh. This was the first of many successive inroads on western and See also:

NORTHERN

northern India, in one of which Lahore was wrested from Khusru Malik, the last of Mahmud's house, who died a See also:

CAPTIVE (from Lat. capere, to take)

captive in the hills of Ghor. In 1192 Prithvi Rai or Pithora (as the Moslem writers call him), the Chauhan king of See also:

AJMERE, or AJMER

Ajmere, being defeated and slain near Thanewar, the whole country from the See also:

HIMALAYA

Himalaya to Ajmere became subject to the Ghori king of Ghazni. On the death of his brother Ghiyasuddin, with whose power he had been constantly associated, and of whose conquests he had been the See also:

CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

INSTRUMENT (Lat. instrumentum, from insincere, to build up, furnish, arrange, prepare)

instrument, Muizuddin became See also:

SOLE (Solea)

sole See also:

SOVEREIGN

sovereign over Ghor and Ghazni, and the latter place was then again for a brief See also:

period the seat of an empire nearly as extensive as that of Mahmud the son of Sabuktagin. Muizuddin crossed the See also:

INDUS

Indus once more to put down a See also:

REBELLION

rebellion of the Khokhars in the See also:

PUNJAB

Punjab, and on his way back was murdered by a See also:

BAND

band of them, or, as some say, by one of the Muldhidah or Assassins. The slave lieutenants of Muizuddin carried on the See also:

CONQUEST

conquest of India, and as the rapidly succeeding events See also:

broke their dependence on any See also:

MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master, they established at See also:

DELHI, DEHLI

Delhi that See also:

MONARCHY (Fr. monarchic, from Lat. monarchia, Gr. uovapXia, rule of one, µbvos, alone, apXi7, rule)

monarchy of which, after it had endured through many dynasties, and had culminated with the See also:

MOGUL, MOCHAL, or MIGHAL

Mogul house of See also:

BABER

Baber, the See also:

SHADOW (0. Eng. Schadewe, sceadu; a form of " shade "; connected with Gr. 6-Ore's, darkness)

shadow perished in 1857. The death of Muizuddin was followed by struggle and anarchy, ending for a time in the See also:

ANNEXATION (Lat. ad, to, and nexus, joining)

annexation of Ghazni to the empire of Khwarizm by Mahommed Shah, who conferred it on his famous son, Jelaluddin, and Ghazni became the headquarters of the latter. After Jenghiz See also:

KHAN (from the Turki, hence Persian and Arabic Khan)

Khan had extinguished the power of his See also:

FAMILY

family in See also:

Turkestan, Jelaluddin defeated the See also:

army sent against him by the Mongol at Parwan, See also:

north of See also:

KABUL

Kabul. Jenghiz then advanced and drove Jelaluddin across the Indus, after which he sent Ogdai his son to besiege Ghazni. Henceforward Ghazni is much less prominent in See also:

ASIATIC

Asiatic history.

It continued subject to the See also:

MONGOLS

Mongols, sometimes to the house of Hulagu in Persia, and sometimes to that of Jagatai in Turkestan. In 1326, after a See also:

BATTLE

battle between See also:

AMIR, or AMEER (an Arabic word meaning " commander," from the root amr, " commanding ")

Amir Hosain, the See also:

VICEROY (from O. Fr. viceroy, mod. viceroi, i.e. Lat. vice, in place of, and roy or roi, king)

viceroy of the former house in See also:

KHORASAN, or KHORASSAN (i.e. " land of the sun ")

Khorasan, and Tarmashirin, the reigning khan of Jagatai, the former entered Ghazni and once more subjected it to devastation, and this time the See also:

TOMB (Gr. Tuµ/3a, Tuµ(3os, probably allied to Lat. tumulus, literally a swelling, tumere, to swell)

tomb of Mahmud to desecration. to remove contained water, melting, after the addition of a little See also:

TURMERIC (from Fr. terre Write, turmeric, Lat. terra merita, deserved, i.e. excellent earth; Skeat suggests that it is a barbarous corruption, perhaps of Arabic karkam, kurkum, saffron or curcuma)

turmeric juice, in a See also:

metal See also:

pan at a See also:

GENTLE (through the Fr. gentil, from Lat. gentilis, belonging to the same gens, or family)

gentle See also:

HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat, and then boiling with the prepared drugs till all moisture is expelled, and straining through a cloth.

End of Article: GHEE (Hindostani ghi)

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