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KABUL , the See also:capital of See also:Afghanistan, See also:standing at an See also:elevation of 6900 ft. above the See also:sea in 340 32' N. and 69° 14' E. Estimated pop. (1901), 140,000. Lying at the See also:foot of the See also:bare and rocky mountains forming the western boundary of the Kabul valley, just below the See also:gorge made by the Kabul See also:River, the See also:city extends a mile and a See also:half See also:east to See also:west and one mile See also:north to See also:south. Hemmed in by the mountains, there is no way of extending it, except in a northerly direction towards the Sherpur See also:cantonment. As the See also:key of See also:northern See also:India, Kabul has been a city of vast importance for countless ages. It commands all the passes which here debouch from the north through the See also:Hindu Kush, and from the west through See also:Kandahar; and through it passed successive invasions of India by See also:Alexander the See also:Great, Mahmud of See also:Ghazni, Jenghiz See also:Khan, See also:Baber, See also:Nadir Shah and Ahmad Shah. Indeed from the See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time of Baber to that of Nadir Shah (1526–1738) Kabul was See also:part of the See also:empire of See also:Delhi. It is now some 16o m. from the See also:British frontier See also:post of See also:Jamrud near See also:Peshawar.
Kabul was formerly walled; the old See also:wall had seven See also:gates, of which two alone remain, the Lahori and the See also:Sirdar. The city itself is a huddle of narrow and dirty streets, with the See also:Bala See also:Hissar or fort forming the south-east See also:angle, and rising 'about 150 ft. above the See also:plain. The See also:Amir's See also:palace is situated outside the See also:town about midway between it and the Sherpur cantonment which lies about a mile to the north-east. Formerly the greatest
3 This and the following passages in See also:quotation marks are from See also:Professor See also:- WILSON, ALEXANDER (1766-1813)
- WILSON, HENRY (1812–1875)
- WILSON, HORACE HAYMAN (1786–1860)
- WILSON, JAMES (1742—1798)
- WILSON, JAMES (1835— )
- WILSON, JAMES HARRISON (1837– )
- WILSON, JOHN (1627-1696)
- WILSON, JOHN (178 1854)
- WILSON, ROBERT (d. 1600)
- WILSON, SIR DANIEL (1816–1892)
- WILSON, SIR ROBERT THOMAS (1777—1849)
- WILSON, SIR WILLIAM JAMES ERASMUS
- WILSON, THOMAS (1663-1755)
- WILSON, THOMAS (c. 1525-1581)
- WILSON, WOODROW (1856— )
Wilson's See also:translation of too Sakhis, pp. 83-90.
See also:Benares; Hara, a name of See also:Siva.
s I.e. See also:Mecca.
6 " The Bountiful," one of the Koranic names of See also:God (See also:Allah).
See also:ornament of the city was the arcaded and roofed See also:bazaar called Chihdr Chdtd, ascribed to See also:Ali Mardan Khan, a See also:noble of the 17th See also:century, who has See also:left behind him many monuments of his munificent public spirit both in Kabul and in Hindustan. Its four arms had an aggregate length of about 60o ft., with a breadth of 30. The display of goods was remarkable, and in the evening it was illuminated. This edifice was destroyed by See also:Sir G. See also:Pollock on evacuating Kabul in 1842 as a See also:record of the treachery of the city.
The See also:tomb of the See also:Sultan Baber stands on a slope about a mile to the west of the city in a charming spot. The See also:grave is marked by two erect slabs of See also:- WHITE
- WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
- WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
- WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
- WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
- WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
- WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
- WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
- WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
- WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
- WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
- WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
- WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
- WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)
white See also:marble. Near him See also:lie several of his wives and See also:children; the See also:garden was formerly enclosed by a marble wall; a clear stream See also:waters the See also:flower-beds. From the See also:- HILL
- HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
- HILL, A
- HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
- HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
- HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
- HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
- HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
- HILL, JAMES J
- HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
- HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
- HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
- HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
- HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)
hill that rises behind the tomb there is a noble prospect of his beloved city, and of the all-fruitful plain stretching to the north of it.
After the See also:accession of Abdur Rahman in 188o the city under-went great changes. The Bala Hissar was destroyed and has never since been entirely rebuilt, and a fortified cantonment at Sherpur (one See also:side of which was represented by the historic Bemaru See also:ridge) had taken the See also:place of the old earthworks of the British occupation of 1842 which were constructed on nearly the same site. The city streets were as narrow and evil-smelling, the surrounding gardens as picturesque and attractive, and the See also:wealth of See also:fruit was as great, as they had been fifty years previously. The amir, however, effected many improvements. Kabul is now connected by well-planned and metalled roads with Afghan See also:Turkestan on the west, with the See also:Oxus and See also:Bokhara on the north, and with India on the east. The road to India was first made by British and is now maintained by Afghan See also:engineers. The road southwards to Ghazni and Kandahar was always naturally excellent and has probably needed little See also:engineering, but the See also:general principle of road-making in support of a military advance has always been consistently maintained, and the expeditions of Kabul troops to See also:Kafiristan have been supported by a very well graded and substantially constructed road up the See also:Kunar valley from See also:Jalalabad to Asmar, and onwards to the Bashgol valley of Kafiristan. The city ways have been improved until it has be-come possible for wheeled vehicles to pass, and the various roads connecting the suburbs and the city are efficiently maintained. A purely See also:local railway has also been introduced, to assist in transporting See also:building material.
The buildings erected by Abdur Rahman were pretentious, but unmarked by any originality in See also:design and hardly worthy See also:representation of the beauty and dignity of See also:Mahommedan See also:architecture. They included a new palace and a See also:durbar See also:- HALL
- HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
- HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
- HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
- HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
- HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
- HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
- HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
- HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
- HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
- HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
- HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
- HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
- HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
- HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
- HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
- HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
- HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)
hall, a See also:bridge across the river and See also:embankment, a See also:pavilion and garden laid out around the site of Baber's tomb overlooking the Chardeh valley; and many other buildings of public utility connected with See also:stud arrangements, the manufacture of small arms and See also:ammunition, and the requirements of what may be termed a wholesale See also:shop under See also:European direction, besides hospitals, dispensaries, bazaars, &c. The new palace is within an entrenchment just outside the city. It is enclosed in a See also:fine garden, well planted with trees, where the See also:harem serai (or ladies' apartments) occupies a considerable space. The public portion of the buildings comprise an ornamental and lofty pavilion with entrances on each side, and a high-domed octagonal See also:room in the centre, beautifully fitted and appointed, where public receptions take place. The durbar hall, which is a See also:separate building, is 6o yards See also:long by 20 broad, with a painted roof supported by two rows of pillars. But the arrangement of terraced gardens and the lightly constructed pavilion which See also:graces the western slopes of the hills overlooking Chardeh are the most attractive of these innovations. Here, on a summer's See also:day, with the See also:scent of See also:roses pervading the heated See also:air, the cool refreshment of the passing breezes and of splashing fountains may be enjoyed by the officials of the Kabul See also:court, whilst they look across the beauty of the thickly planted plains of Chardeh to the rugged outlines of See also:Paghman and the snows of the Hindu Kush. The See also:artistic See also:taste of the landscape gardening is excellent, and the See also:mountain scenery is not unworthy of See also:Kashmir. It is pleasant to recordthat the graveyard of those See also:officers who See also:fell in the Kabul See also:campaign of 1879-188o, which lies at the northern end of the Bemaru ridge, is not uncared for.
Kabul is believed to be the Ortospanum or Ortospana of the geographies of Alexander's See also:march, a name conjectured to be a corruption of Urddhasthdna, " high place." This is the meaning of the name Bala Hissar. But the actual name is perhaps also found as that of a See also:people in this position (See also:Ptolemy's Kabolitae), if not in the name of a city apparently identical with Ortospana, Carura, in some copies read Cabura. It was invaded by the See also:Arabs as See also:early as the See also:thirty-fifth See also:year of the Hegira, but it was long before the Mahommedans effected any lasting See also:settlement. In the early Mahommedan histories and geographies we find (according to a favourite Arabic love of jingle) Kabul and Zdbul constantly associated. Zdbul appears to have been the See also:country about Ghazni. Kabul first became a capital when Baber made himself See also:master of it in 1504, and here he reigned for fifteen years before his invasion of Hindustan. In See also:modern times it became a capital again, under Timur Shah (see AFGHANISTAN), and so has continued both to the end of the See also:Durani See also:dynasty, and under the Barakzais, who now reign. It was occupied by Sir See also:John See also:Keane in 1839, General Pollock in 1842, and again by Sir See also:Frederick, afterwards See also:Lord See also:Roberts, in 1879.
Kabul is also the name of the See also:province including the city so called. It may be considered to embrace the whole of the plains called Koh Daman and Beghram, &c., to the Hindu Kush northward, with the See also:Kohistan or hill country adjoining. Eastward it extends to the border of Jalalabad at Jagdalak; southward it includes the See also:Logar See also:district, and extends to the border of Ghazni; north-westward it includes the Paghman hills, and the valley of the upper Kabul river, and so to the Koh-i-Baba. Roughly it embraces a territory of about 100 m. square, chiefly mountainous. See also:Wheat and See also:barley are the See also:staple products of the arable tracts. Artificial See also:grasses are also much cultivated, and fruits largely, especially in the Koh Daman. A considerable part of the See also:population spends the summer in tents. The villages are not enclosed by fortifications, but contain small private castles or fortalices.
See C. Yate, Northern Afghanistan (1888) ; J. A. See also:- GRAY
- GRAY (or GREY), WALTER DE (d. 1255)
- GRAY, ASA (1810-1888)
- GRAY, DAVID (1838-1861)
- GRAY, ELISHA (1835-1901)
- GRAY, HENRY PETERS (1819-18/7)
- GRAY, HORACE (1828–1902)
- GRAY, JOHN DE (d. 1214)
- GRAY, JOHN EDWARD (1800–1875)
- GRAY, PATRICK GRAY, 6TH BARON (d. 1612)
- GRAY, ROBERT (1809-1872)
- GRAY, SIR THOMAS (d. c. 1369)
- GRAY, THOMAS (1716-1771)
Gray, At the Court of the Amir (1895); Sir T. H. H. Holdich, The See also:Indian Borderland (1901). (T. H.
End of Article: KABUL
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