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HELMUND , a See also:river of See also:Afghanistan, in length about 600 m. The Helmund, which is identical with the See also:ancient Etymander, is the most important river in Afghanistan, next to the See also:Kabul river, which it exceeds both in See also:volume and length. It rises in the recesses of the Koh-i-Baba to the See also:west of Kabul, its See also:infant stream parting the Unai pass from the See also:Irak, the two See also:chief passes on the well-known road from Kabul to See also:Bamian. For 5o m. from its source its course is ascertained, but beyond that point for the next 50 no See also:European has followed it. About the parallel of 330 N. it enters the Zamindawar See also:province which lies to the N.W. of See also:Kandahar, and thenceforward it is a well-mapped river to its termination in the See also:lake of See also:Seistan. Till about 40 M. above See also:Girishk the See also:character of the Helmund is that of a See also:mountain river, flowing through valleys which in summer are the resort of See also:pastoral tribes. On leaving the hills it enters on a flatcountry, and extends over a gravelly See also:bed. Here also it begins to be used in See also:irrigation. At Girishk it is crossed by the See also:principal route from See also:Herat to Kandahar. See also:Forty-five See also:miles below Girishk the Helmund receives its greatest tributary, the See also:Arghandab, from the high See also:Ghilzai See also:country beyond Kandahar, and becomes a very considerable river, with a width of 300 or 400 yds. and an occasional See also:depth of 9 to 12 ft. Even in the dry See also:season it is never without a plentiful See also:supply of See also:water. The course of the river is more or less See also:south-west from its source till in Seistan it crosses See also:meridian 62°, when it turns nearly See also:north, and so flows for 70 or 8o M. till it falls into the Seistan hamuns, or swamps, by various mouths. In this latter See also:part of its course it forms the boundary between Afghan and See also:Persian Seistan, and owing to See also:constant changes in its bed and the swampy nature of its See also:borders it has been a fertile source of frontier squabbles. Persian Seistan was once highly cultivated by means of a See also:great See also:system of 'See also:canal irrigation; but for centuries, since the country was devastated by Timur, it has been a barren, treeless See also:waste of See also:flat alluvial See also:plain. In years of exceptional See also:flood the Seistan lakes spread southwards into an overflow channel called the
the great See also:plague in 1605, and having contracted a See also:rich See also:marriage settled in 1609 at See also:Vilvorde, near See also:Brussels, where he occupied himself with chemical experiments and medical practice until his See also:death on the 3oth of See also:December 1644. See also:Van See also:Helmont presents curious contradictions. On the one See also:hand he was a See also:disciple of See also:Paracelsus (though he scornfully repudiates his errors was well as those of most other contemporary authorities), a mystic with strong leanings to the supernatural, an alchemist who believed that with a small piece of the philosopher's See also:- STONE
- STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
- STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
- STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
- STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
- STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
- STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
- STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
- STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)
stone he had trans-muted 2000 times as much See also:mercury into See also:gold; on the other hand he was touched with the new learning that was producing men like See also:Harvey, Galileo and See also:- BACON
- BACON (through the O. Fr. bacon, Low Lat. baco, from a Teutonic word cognate with " back," e.g. O. H. Ger. pacho, M. H. Ger. backe, buttock, flitch of bacon)
- BACON, FRANCIS (BARON VERULAM, VISCOUNT ST ALBANS) (1561-1626)
- BACON, JOHN (1740–1799)
- BACON, LEONARD (1802–1881)
- BACON, ROGER (c. 1214-c. 1294)
- BACON, SIR NICHOLAS (1509-1579)
Bacon, a careful observer of nature, and an exact experimenter who in some cases realized that See also:matter can neither be created nor destroyed. As a chemist he deserves to be regarded as the founder of pneumatic See also:chemistry, even though it made no substantial progress for a See also:century after his See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time, and he was the first to understand that there are gases distinct in See also:kind from atmospheric See also:air. The very word " See also:gas " he claims as his own invention, and he perceived that his " gas sylvestre " (our See also:carbon dioxide) given off by burning See also:charcoal is the same as that produced by fermenting must and that which sometimes renders the air of caves irrespirable. For him air and water are the two See also:primitive elements of things. See also:Fire he explicitly denies to be an See also:element, and See also:earth is not one because it can be reduced to water. That See also:plants, for instance, are composed of water he sought to show by the ingenious quantitative experiment of planting a See also:willow weighing 5 lb in 200 lb of dry See also:soil and allowing it to grow for five years; at the end of that time it had become a See also:- TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
- TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )
tree weighing 169 lb, and since it had received nothing but water and the soil weighed practically the same as at the beginning, he argued that the increased See also:weight of See also:wood, bark and roots had been formed from water alone. It was an old See also:idea that the processes of the living See also:body are fermentative in character, but he applied it more elaborately than any of his predecessors. For him digestion, See also:nutrition and even See also:movement are due to ferments, which convert dead See also:food into living flesh in six stages. But having got so far, with the application of chemical principles to physiological problems, he introduces a complicated system of supernatural agencies like the archei of Paracelsus, which preside over and See also:direct the affairs of the body. A central archeus controls a number of subsidiary archei which move through the ferments, and just as diseases are primarily caused by some See also:affection (exorbitatio) of the archeus, so remedies See also:act by bringing it back to the normal. At the same time chemical principles guided him in the choice of medicines—undue acidity of the See also:digestive juices, for example, was to be corrected by alkalies and See also:vice versa; he was thus a forerunner of the iatrochemical school, and did See also:good service to the See also:art of See also:medicine by applying chemical methods to the preparation of drugs. Over and above the archeus he taught that there is the sensitive soul which is the husk or See also:- SHELL
- SHELL (O. Eng. scell, scyll, cf. Du. sceel, shell, Goth. skalja, tile; the word means originally a thin flake,. cf. Swed. skalja, to peel off; it is allied to " scale " and " skill," from a root meaning to cleave, divide, separate)
shell of the immortal mind. Before the Fall the archeus obeyed the immortal mind and was directly controlled by it, but at the Fall men received also the sensitive soul and with it lost See also:immortality, for when, it perishes the immortal mind can no longer remain in the body. In addition to the archeus, which he described as " See also:aura vitalis seminum, vitae directrix," Van Helmont had other governing agencies resembling the archeus and not always clearly distinguished from it. From these he invented the See also:term See also:bias, defined as the " vis motus See also:tam alterivi quam localis." Of bias there were several kinds, e.g. bias humanum and bias meteoron; the heavens he said " constare gas materia, et bias efficiente." He was a faithful See also:Catholic, but incurred the suspicion of the See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
Church by his See also:tract De magnetica vulnerum curalioue (1621), which was thought to derogate from some of the miracles. His See also:works were collected and published at See also:Amsterdam as Onus medicinee, See also:vet
See also:opera et opuscula amnia in 1668 by his son See also:Franz Mercurius (b. 1618 at Vilvorde, d. 1699 at See also:Berlin), in whose own writings, e.g. Cabbalah Denudata (1677) and Opuscula philosophica (1690), mystical See also:theosophy and See also:alchemy appear in still wilder confusion.
See M. See also:Foster. Lectures on the See also:History of See also:Physiology (1901); also Chevrcul in Journ. See also:des savants (Feb. and See also:March 185o), and Cap
Shelag which, See also:running parallel to the See also:northern course of the See also:merchant, was See also:born near See also:London on the loth of See also:July 1813, He Helmund in the opposite direction, finally loses its See also:waters in
the Gaod-i-Zirreh swamp, which thus becomes the final See also:bourne of the river. Throughout its course from its confluence with the Arghandab to the See also:ford of Chahar Burjak, where it bends north-See also:- WARD
- WARD, ADOLPHUS WILLIAM (1837- )
- WARD, ARTEMUS
- WARD, EDWARD MATTHEW (1816-1879)
- WARD, ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS (1844-1911)
- WARD, JAMES (1769--1859)
- WARD, JAMES (1843– )
- WARD, JOHN QUINCY ADAMS (1830-1910)
- WARD, LESTER FRANK (1841– )
- WARD, MARY AUGUSTA [MRS HUMPHRY WARD]
- WARD, WILLIAM (1766-1826)
- WARD, WILLIAM GEORGE (1812-1882)
ward, the Helmund valley is a narrow See also:green See also:belt of fertility sunk in the midst of a wide alluvial See also:desert, with many thriving villages interspersed amongst the remains of ancient cities, See also:relics of Kaiani See also:rule. The See also:recent See also:political See also:mission to Seistan under See also:Sir See also:- HENRY
- HENRY (1129-1195)
- HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
- HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
- HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
- HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
- HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
- HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
- HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
- HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
- HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
- HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
- HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
- HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)
Henry McMahon (1904-1905) added much See also:information respecting the ancient and See also:modern channels of the See also:lower Helmund, proving that river to have been constantly shifting its bed over a vast See also:area, changing the level of the country by silt deposits, and in See also:conjunction with the terrific See also:action of Seistan winds actually altering its configuration. (T. H.
End of Article: HELMUND
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