See also:

• HINDOSTANI
• HINDOSTANI (properly Hindustani, of or belonging to Hindostan')

To the west of that degree Lahnda may be said to be established, the deserts of the west-central Punjab forming a barrier and protecting it, just as, farther south, a continuation of the same See also:

• DESERT

Gilchrist introduced " Hindoostan," which became " Hindustan " in modern spelling. The word is not an Indian one, and both pronunciations, with o and with u, are current in India at the present See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

Dialects.—The only important dialect of Eastern Hindi is Awadhi, spoken in Oudh, and possessing a large literature of great excellence. Chhattisgarhi and Bagheli, the other dialects, have scanty literatures of small value. Western Hindi has four See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

From here it became the lingua franca of the See also:

• MOGUL, MOCHAL, or MIGHAL

Lyall, op. cit. p, 9. origin in the English occupation of India and the need for See also:

• TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

We must define Urdu as the Persianized Hindostani of educated Mussulmans, while Hindi is the Sanskritized Hindostani of educated Hindus. As for the written character, Urdu, from the number of Persian words which it contains, can only be written conveniently in the Persian character, while Hindi, for a parallel See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

have been furnished with a Hindi termination, e.g. Maridna, badalna, guzarna, daghna, bakhshna, kaminapan, &c.; but the European element cannot be said to have at all See also:

• WOVEN

Eastern Hindi is very like Panjabi in this respect, but for a different reason. In it were written the See also:

• WORKS

=Hindostani; Br. = Braj Bhasha; P. =Panjabi. (P,) See also:

• PHONETICS (Gr. Davit, voice)

In E.H. they are still heard as the termination of a form which can stand for any oblique case, and is called the " oblique form " or the " oblique case." Thus, from ghar, a See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

Except in E.H. the -hi of the original oblique form singular disappears, so that we have E.H. ghorihi or ghori, others only ghori. The nominative plural of feminine strong forms exhibits some irregularities. In E.H., as usual, it follows the plural oblique forms. In W.H. (except Hindostani) it simply nasalizes the oblique form singular (i.e. adds -hi instead of -hi), as in ghOri. P. and H. adopt the oblique See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

Thus, Skr. See also:

• KARMA

(tatsama) mati, or, with elision of the final short vowel, mat. Some tatsamas are, however, borrowed in the nominative form, as in Skr. dhanin-, nom. dhani, H. dhani, a See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

Similarly for the feminine we have Skr. *ghori-ka-ka, Ap. ghodi-a-a, modern ghoriya (with euphonic y inserted), a mare. Such forms, made with two suffixes, are called " long forms," and are heard in familiar conversation, the feminine also serving as diminutives, There is a further stage, built upon three suffixes, and called the " redundant form," which is mainly used by the vulgar. As a rule masculine long forms end in -mud, -iya or -ua, and feminines in -iya, although the See also:

• MATTER

It is obvious that if it were so employed it would often give rise to great confusion. Hence, when it is necessary to show clearly what particular case is intended, it is usual to add defining particles corresponding to the English prepositions " of," " to," from," " by," &c., which, as in all Indo-Aryan languages they follow the main word, are here called " postpositions." The following are the postpositions commonly employed to form cases in our three languages:-- In some dialects of W.H. weak forms have masculines ending in u and corresponding feminines in i, but these are nowadays rarely met in the literary forms of speech. In old poetry they are common. In Braj Bhasha they have survived in the present participle. Panjabi. Hindostani. Braj Bhasha. Eastern Hindi. Weak Noun Masc. ghar ghar ghar ghar Nom. Sing. ghar ghar ghar ghar, gharahi Obl. Sing. . ghar ghar ghar gharan Nom.

Plur. . . ghara See also:

• GHAT, or RHAT

Sing. . ghorii ghori ghori ghori Nom. Plur. ghori ghori ghori ghori, ghorihi Obl. Plur. . ghoria ghoriyd ghori ghorin Strong Noun Fem. ghori$ ghoriya' ghoriyaa, ghorin Nom. Sing. 1 ghoriyani Obl. Sing. . Nom. Plur. Obl. Plur.

See also:

• AGENT (from Lat. agere, to act)

The genitive postpositions have an interesting origin. In Buddhist Sanskrit the words krtas, done, and krtyas, to be done, were added to a noun to form a See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

The details of the agreement vary slightly in P. and W.H., and must be learnt from the grammars. The E.H. weak forms do not change in the modern language. Finally, in Prakrit it was customary to add these postpositions (kera-u, &c.) to the genitive, as in mama or mama kera-u, of me. Similarly these postpositions are, in the modern languages, added to the oblique form. The locative of the Sanskrit krtas, See also:

• KITE

This will be evident from the preceding table of the first two See also:

• PERSONAL

The phrase koi hai? " Is any one (there)?" is the usual See also:

• FORMULA
• FORMULA (Lat. diminutive of forma, shape, pattern, &c., especially used of rules of judicial procedure)

Under the form of -See also:

• GAU, JOHN (c. 1495–? 1553)