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SINDHI (properly Sindhi, the language...

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Originally appearing in Volume V25, Page 147 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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SINDHI (properly Sindhi, the See also:language of Sindh, i.e. See also:Sind) AND See also:LAHNDA (properly Lahnda or Lahindd, western, or Laknde-di boli, the language of the See also:west) , two closely connected forms of speech belonging, together with See also:Kashmiri (q.v.), to the N.W. See also:group of the See also:outer See also:band of Indo-See also:Aryan See also:languages. In the following pages it will be assumed that the reader is See also:familiar with the See also:main facts stated in the articles INDO-ARYAN LANGUAGES and See also:PRAKRIT. In 1901 Sindhi (including Kachchhi) was spoken by 3,494,971 See also:people, and Lahnda by 3,337,917,—the former in Sind and See also:Cutch, and the latter in the W. See also:Punjab and adjoining tracts (for further details on this point see the See also:article LAHNDA). The See also:parent Prakrit, from which Lahnda is sprung, must once have extended over the greater See also:part of the Punjab, but, as explained under INDO-ARYAN LANGUAGES, the See also:population of the Midland See also:expanded so as to See also:cover the E. and centre of that See also:province, and the language (See also:Panjabi) now there spoken is a mixed one, Midland in its main characteristics, but showing more and more traces of its old Lahnda basis as we go W. The See also:wave of Midland progress exhausted itself in the barren See also:tract of the west-central Punjab, and W. of about the seventy-third degree of E. See also:longitude Lahnda holds decisive sway. The facts are very much the same with regard to the mixed language of See also:Rajputana. Here the expansion of the Midland language was stopped by the See also:desert, beyond which lies Sindhi. Lahnda and Sindhi, the W. outposts of Indo-Aryan speech, have accordingly for centuries occupied a peculiarly isolated position, and have in many respects struck out See also:common lines of See also:independent growth. This See also:process was aided by the presence of Pisaca languages (see INDO-ARYAN LANGUAGES). In See also:early times there were Pisaca colonies along the See also:Indus, right down to its See also:delta, and both Sindhi and Lahnda have borrowed many peculiarities from their dialects.

Sindhi is directly derived from the Vracaca Apabhraliisa Prakrit (see PRAKRIT). The name of the Apabhrainga from which Lahnda is derived is not known, but it must have been closely allied to Vracada. Sindhi has one important See also:

dialect, Kachchhi, spoken in Cutch. Here the language has come into contact with See also:Gujarati and is somewhat mixed with that See also:form of speech. For the dialects of Lahnda, and the various names under which that language is known, see the article LAHNDA. Owing to their See also:geographical position both Sind and the W. Punjab were early subject to See also:Mahommedan inroads. The writer, and not always so to him. See also:Phonetics.'—The phonetic See also:system of both languages in most respects resembles that of other Indo-Aryan vernaculars. Space will not allow us to do more than draw See also:attention to the main points of difference. In other Indo-Aryan languages a final See also:short vowel is generally elided. This See also:rule is also followed in Lahnda, but the See also:genius of Sindhi requires every word to end in a vowel, and hence these short vowels are still retained.

Thus, Skr. naras, a See also:

man, Pr. naro, Ap. naru, L. nar, but S. naru. In Sindhi these final short vowels are, as in Kashmiri, very lightly pronounced, so that they are hardly audible to a See also:person unacquainted with the language. They are therefore printed in these pages as small letters above the See also:line. In the cognate Kashmiri a short i or u affects by epenthesis the See also:pronunciation of a preceding vowel, just as in See also:English the silent vowel e added to " See also:mar " changes its pronunciation to " See also:mare." So, in Kashmiri, mar" is pronounced mor. Lahnda, especially when dropping the final short vowel, has similar epenthetic changes. Thus chohar(u), a boy, becomes chohur; shahar(u), a See also:city, becomes first shdhur and then, further, shdhur (a like the a in " all ") ; while chohar(i), a girl, becomes chohur. The oblique singular (see below) of chohur is chohar, for chohar(a) with a final a instead of a final u, and hence the vowel of the second syllable is unchanged. Similarly, the oblique form of shdhur is shahar, while the oblique form of chohir is still chOhir, because it also originally ended in i. Similar epenthetic changes have not been noted in Sindhi. In that language and in Lahnda the short vowel i, when preceded or followed by h, or at the end of a word, is pronounced as a short e. Thus S. kiharir, of what See also:kind, and S. mihit', a See also:mosque, are respectively pronounced keharo and mehete. When i is so pronounced, it will be written as e ore in the following pages.

In Prakrit almost the only consonants which had survived were See also:

double letters, and in most of the Indo-Aryan vernaculars these have been simplified, the preceding vowel being lengthened in See also:compensation. Thus, Ap. kammu, a See also:work, See also:Hindostani, kam. In Panjabi and Lahnda the double consonant is generally retained, as in kamm, but in Sindhi, while the double consonant is simplified, the vowel, as in the Pisaca languages, remains short; thus, kam". This non-lengthening of the vowel in such cases is typical of Sindhi, words like S. See also:age, See also:fire, from Ap. aggi, being quite exceptional. It even happens that an See also:original See also:long vowel coming before a conjunct consonant is shortened when the conjunct is simplified. Thus, Skr. turyam, S. See also:turf, a See also:trumpet. In Sindhi, as in Pisaca, a sibilant is liable to be changed into h. Thus, Skr. marhsam, S. mas" or mah", flesh; Skr. See also:degas, S. See also:des° or deh", a See also:country. In L. the s is generally, but not always, preserved. As in most Indo-Aryan languages a medial 41 becomes the hard r; thus, S. juran", to join; L. ghora, a See also:horse. As in the Pisaca languages, there is See also:great confusion between cerebrals and dentals. There was the same tendency in Vracacia Apabhrarhha, and it is more common in Sindhi than in Lahnda.

Thus, Skr. tamrakas, S. Tamil , See also:

copper; Skr. dandas, S. tZand", a See also:staff. Moreover, in Sindhi, t and d become regularly cerebralized before r, as in Ap. putru, S. putt", a son; Ap. drakha, S. drakh", a See also:vine. The cerebral 1 does not appear in Sindhi, but it has survived from Prakrit in Lahnda, being subject to the same rules as in See also:Marathi (q.v.). When 1 represents a Prakrit single 1, it becomes but if it represents a Prakrit lt, it remains a See also:simple dental 1. It may be remarked that the same rule seems to have applied in the Prakrit spoken by the Pisacas. Sindhi has a See also:series of strengthened consonants—g, 3, 4, and g. They are pronounced " with a certain stress in prolonging and somewhat strengthening the contact of the closed See also:organ, as if one tried to double the See also:sound at the beginning of a word.' They often, but not always, represent an original double See also:letter. Thus, Ap. o'aggau, S. See also:lap, applied ; Ap. garuau, S. garo, heavy, but S. aro, mangy; Ap. vijja S. vija, See also:science • L. jat , S. See also:fat', a Jat; Ap. vae(lau, S. vado, great; Ap. tj'olia, S. See also:doll, asedan-See also:chair; Ap. dubbalu, S. Jabal", weak; S. babo, a See also:father, but Sabo, a father's See also:brother. Declension.—Both languages have lost the neuter gender, all nouns being either masculine or feminine. The rules for distinguishing gender are much as in Hindostani.

As in other Indo-Aryan languages, nouns may be either strong or weak, the strong forms being derived from nouns with the pleonastic See also:

Sanskrit suffix ka (see H1NDOSTAN1 and MARATHI),. In Sindhi a masculine weak form ' Abbreviations : Skr. = Sanskrit ; Pr. = Prakrit ; Ap. = Apabhrarhsa ; L. = Lahnda ; S. = Sindhi. in " corresponds to the strong one in o, and feminine weak forms in and ' to a strong one in i. In Lahnda weak forms have dropped the final short vowel, and the strong forms end in a (masc.) and i (See also:fern.). As explained in the articles above referred to, almost the only old See also:case that has survived throughout the declension of both languages is the See also:general oblique. This is used for any oblique case, the particular case required being as a rule further defined by the help of a postposition. The general oblique case, without any defining postposition, is specially employed for the case of the See also:agent.

There are also examples of the survival of the old locative and of the old See also:

ablative. Thus S. math", See also:top, loc. math', on the top; L. Ambi, at Amb; L. vela, See also:time, rofi-de vele, at the time of See also:food; L. jangil, for jangali, in the See also:forest. This locative is of See also:regular occurrence in the case of Sindhi weak masculine nouns in ". For the old ablative, we have S. ghar", L. ghar, a See also:house, abl. S. gharo, L. ghara, and so others. The locative termination can be referred to the Ap. locative termination -hi or -hi, and the ablative a or o to the Ap. -ha or -hi. The nominative plural, and the general oblique case of both See also:numbers are formed as in the following examples: In Lahnda the final short vowel of the weak forms has been dropped, but in some cases the final u of the masculine and the final i .of the feminine have been preserved by epenthesis, as explained under the See also:head of phonetics. The origin of the nominative plural and of the various oblique forms is explained in the article HINDOSTANI. In the same article is discussed the derivation of most of the postpositions employed to define the various oblique forms and to make real cases. There are as follows: S. khe, L. niii, to or for; S. kha, L. to, from; S. jo, sando, L. dd., of; S. me, L. vic, in.

It will be observed that the Lahnda forms are identical with those found in Panjabi. In both languages the See also:

accusative case is the same as the nominative, unless See also:special definiteness is required, when, as usual in Indo-Aryan vernaculars, the See also:dative is employed in its See also:place. The agent case is the oblique form without any postposition. The S. khe is a corruption of Ap. kaahi, Skr. krte; and similarly kha` from Ap. kaahu, Skr. kid'. S. sander, like the See also:Rajasthani hando and the Kashmiri See also:sand" or See also:hand", is by origin the See also:present participle of the verb. substantive, ghar°-sando, meaning literally " existing (in connexion) with the house," hence " of the house." We may compare the See also:Bengali use of haste, on being, to mean " from." All these postpositions are added to the oblique form. We thus get the declension of the strong masculine noun S. ghoro, L. ghora, a Comparison is effected as in Hindostani by putting the noun with which comparison is made in the ablative case. Sometimes special postpositions are employed for this form of the ablative.. Case. . Singular. Plural. Sindhi. Lahnda.

Sindhi. Lahnda. Nominative ghoro ghora ghora ghore Accusative . ghoro ghora ghora ghore Agent . . ghore ghore ghora ghorea Dative . . ghore-khe ghore-nu ghoran'-khe ghorea-nf Ablative ghora, ghore-to ghoranea, ghorea-to Genitive ghore-kha` ghore-da ghoran'-kha ghorea-da Locative ghorejo ghore-vic ghoran' jo ghorea-See also:

vie ghore-me ghoran'-me The usual pronouns are as follows. In the Lahnda forms a is pronounced as in See also:German:-- I—S. au, a", maa or mu; L. md; L. us. unha. That, he, she, it—S. so; obi. tahe. Those, they—S. Si; obi. tan'. We should expect corresponding forms for Lahnda, but they are not given in the grammars. Self—S. paw; L. See also:ape. Own—S. paha jo; L. apna.

Cf. Panjabi ap, Kashmiri See also:

pan°. Who—S. L. _it"; obi. S. jah'; L. ja; plur. nom. S. je; L. jo; obi. S. See also:jan'; L. jinha. Who ?—S. See also:ker"; L. kaun; obi. S. kale; L. kaa; plur. nom. S. ker'; L. kaun; obl. S. kan'; L. kinha`.

What?—S. cha; L. ca; obl. S. did; L. hilt. Any one—S. L. koi; obi. S. kaki; L. kahe. The derivation of most of these forms can be gathered from the article HINDOSTANI. Others, such as assi, tussi, pan°, are borrowed from Pisaca. The See also:

north-western group of Indo - Aryan vernaculars, Sindhi, Lahnda, and Kashmiri, are distinguished by the See also:free use which they make of pronominal suffixes. In Kashmiri these are added only to verbs, but in the other two languages they are also added to nouns. These suffixes take the place of See also:personal pronouns in various cases and are as follows: Singular. Plural. Nominative.

Oblique. Nominative. Oblique. Sindhi. Lahnda. Sindhi. Lahnda. Sindhi. Lahnda. Sindhi. Lahnda. Weak Noun ghar" , ghar See also:

ghat.' ghar ghat.* ghar gharan', ghara" Masc.

. . a house jibbh jibh° jibbh jibhu, jibbha ghara,ghare jibbha Fem. . . . jibh°, agg ag' agg jibha agga jibhun', aggd Strong Noun a See also:

tongue ghora ghore ghore ageu ghore jibhaa, jibhe ghorea Masc. . . rig', ghori ghori° ghori ghora ghoria agenn', ghoria Fem. . . . fire ghori/i aged, agie ghoro, gharan', a horse ghora, ghore ghori, ghorin', a mare ghoria, ghori' Those, they—S. ho; L. obi. S. a, ma, mu; L. ma. We—S. asi; L. assi; obi. S. See also:asa; L. assn. Of me, my—S. muuhu jo ; L. See also:tiara.

Of us, our—S. asa jo; L. asada. See also:

Thou—S. L. ti; obl. S. to; L. tu, ta, tudh. You—S. See also:kohl, avhi; L. tussi; obi. S. tavha, avhd; L. tussd. Of thee, thy—S. tuhajo; L. 'era. Of you, your—S. tavha jo, avha jo; L. tusa(la, tuhada. This, he, she, it—S. hi; L. eh; obl. S. See also:kite', in°; L. is. These, they—S. hi; L. eh, in ; obi.

S. See also:

kin', in'; L. inhdi. That, he, she, it—S. hi; L. oh; obi. S. hun°, un''; oh, un; obl. S. ?See also:tun', un'; L. First Person. Second Person. Third Person. 'Singular. Plural. Singular. Plural.

Singular. Plural. Nom. Other Nom. Other N Other Nom. Other Nom. Agent. Other Nom. Agent. Other Cases. Cases. Nom.

Cases. Nom. Cases. N Cases. Cases. Sindhi . . . s' m', ma si s1, hi i i 4/e 21e None i s' None ne n', n°, Lahnda m m se (not as None s s None ne gen.) se horse, as shown in the next See also:

column. When there are optional methods of making the oblique form only one is given. The others can be employed in the same way. As in most other Indo-Aryan vernaculars, the genitive is really a possessive See also:adjective, and agrees with the person or thing possessed in gender, number and case, exactly as in Panjabi. An adjective agrees with its qualified noun in gender, number and case. In Lahnda, as in Hindostani, the only adjectives which See also:change in these respects are strong adjectives in a.

In Sindhi weak forms in " also change the " to ' or ° in the feminine. Thus, S. See also:

carp', L. canga, See also:good, fern. S. card, L. cangi; S. nidhar", helpless, fem. nidhar' or nidhar°. The plural and oblique forms are made as in the case of nouns. If a postposition is used with the noun it is not also used with the adjective. Thus, L. cangia ghoria-da, of good mares. All these suffixes are remnants of the full pronominal forms. In all cases they can be at once explained by a reference to the originals in Pisaca, rather than to those of other Indo-Aryan languages.' It will here be convenient to consider them only in connexion with nouns. In such cases they are usually in the genitive case. Thus, S. piu, a father; pium', my father; piu', thy father; piuv°,your father; plus', his father; piun' or pion°, their father. There being in Sindhi no suffix of the genitive plural of the first personal pronoun, there is no See also:compound for " our father." For that, as in the beginning of the See also:Lord's See also:Prayer, we must employ the full expression, asa jo piu. In Lahnda we have a father; pium, my ' See G.

A. Grierson, The Pisaca Languages of North-Western See also:

India (See also:London, 1906), pp. 4 if. father; See also:Wise, our father; piu, thy father; piuve, your father; See also:Pius, his father; Indite, their father. A junction vowel is often inserted between these suffixes and the main word to assist the pronunciation. Further examples will be found under the head of verbs. Conjugation.—As in Marathi (q.v.) there are, in both languages, two conjugations, of which one (intransitive) has -a- and the other (transitive) -e- or -i- for its characteristic letter. The See also:differences appear in the present participle and, in Sindhi, also in the conjunctive participle, the present subjunctive and imperative. The two latter are the only original synthetic tenses which have survived in Sindhi, but in Lahnda the old synthetic future is also in common use. Both languages have a passive See also:voice formed by adding ij or ij to the See also:root. This form is not employed for the past participle or for tenses derived from it. The following are the See also:principal parts of the regular verb in each conjugation: It will be observed that, as in most other Indo-Aryan vernaculars, the past participle of the transitive verb is passive in signification.

There is therefore no need of a past participle for the passive voice. The Sindhi present participle of the passive voice follows a different rule of formation, and, in Lahnda, it omits the letter j, thus S. marib& (Pr. mariavvad), L. marindo, being killed. In other respects the passive, S. marijan', L. marijan, to be killed, is conjugated like a regular verb of the first conjugation. The passive is directly derived from the Outer Prakrit passive in -ijja-. The origin of the other forms is dealt with under HINDOSTANI and MARATHI. The present subjunctive is the See also:

direct descendant of the old Prakrit (q.v.) present indicative. It is conjugated as follows: The imperative is formed very similarly. In Lahnda the future is mares¢ (Pr. marissarn), I shall kill, conjugated like See also:marl. The Sindhi future is formed by adding the nominative pronominal suffixes to the present participle. It will be remembered that there are no nominative suffixes of the third person. For that person, therefore, the simple participie is employed. There are slight euphonic changes of the termination of the participle in the other persons.

Thus, halando, he will go; halanduse, I shall go; and so on. The past tense is formed from the past participle, with pronominal suffixes added in both languages. As in the transitive verb the past participle is passive in signification, the subject (see article H1NDOSTANI) must be put in the agent case, and the participle agrees in gender and number with the direct See also:

object, or, if the object is put in the dative case instead of the accusative, is treated impersonally in the masculine. Examples of this tense are: Intransitive verb—S. haliO, L. See also:hales, he went; S. L. See also:hall, she went; S. haliu-se, L. haleu-m, I (masc.) went; S. halia-se, L. haliu-m, I (fern.) went, and so on. Transitive verb—S. See also:mario, L. marea, he was killed ; S. L. marl, she was killed; S. mariu-me, L. mareu-m, he was killed by me, I killed him; S. maria-me, L. mariu-m, she was killed by me, I killed her; S. patishah° saji galhe budhai, the-whole See also:matter (fern.) was-related (fern.) by-the-See also:king (agent), the king related the whole matter; S. tahe-khe sath° chadio, with-reference-to-her, by-the-See also:caravan, it-was-abandoned (impersonal), i.e. the caravan abandoned her. There are numerous compound tenses formed by conjugating the verb substantive with one or other of the participles. The usual forms of the present and past of this verb are as follows: The past has slightly different forms with a feminine subject. Sindhi examples of the compound tenses are halandO ahiyd, I am going; halando See also:hose, I was going; halio ahiyd, I have gone; and so on. The Lahnda tenses are made on the same principles. We have seen the important part that pronominal suffixes See also:play in the conjugation of the verb.

But their use is not confined to the examples given above. Additional suffixes may be added to indicate the object, direct or remote. Thus, S. See also:

marie, thou mayest kill; marie-me, thou mayest kill me; mario (he) was killed; marid-i (for mario-i), (he) was killed by-him, he killed him; marid-i-m it (impersonal)-was killed by-him with-reference-to-me, i.e. he killed me; ding-i-se, was-given by-him to-him, he gave to him. Numerous verbs have irregular past participles, derived directly from the Prakrit past participles, instead of being made by adding -id to the root. These must be learnt from the grammars. We may mention a few very common ones: S. karanu, L. karan, to do, to make, past participle S. kid, kilo, L. kites; S. dian", L. See also:dean, to give, past participle S. dine), L. See also:ditto; S. labhan", L. labbhan, to be obtained, past participle S. ladhO, L. laddhtl. The many compound verbs are formed much as in Hindustani, and must be learnt from the grammars. literature worthy of the name. Such as they have consists of See also:translations from Arabic and See also:Persian. There is, however, as usual in uncul- tivated dialects, in both languages a large stock of folk-songs—See also:rude poems dealing with the popular traditions of the country. Some of these have been published in See also:Colonel See also:Sir See also:Richard See also:Temple's Legends C. the Panjab (3 vols., Bombay, 1884-19oo). The See also:late See also:Professor Trumpp published one See also:text of some importance under the See also:title of Sindhi Literature, the See also:Divan of Abd-ul-Latif, known by the name of Shaha jo Risalo (See also:Leipzig, 1866).

W. St Clair Tisdall's Simplified Panjabi See also:

Grammar (London, 1889) also deals, in an appendix, with Lahnda. E. O'Brien, Glossary of the Multani Language (1st ed., See also:Lahore, 1881; 2nd ed., revised by J. See also:Wilson and Hari Kishen Kaul, Lahore, 1903) ; T. Bomford, " Rough Notes on the Grammar of the Language spoken in the Western Panjab," in See also:Journal of the See also:Asiatic Society of See also:Bengal, vol. lxiv. (1895), pt. i. pp. 290 ff.; the same, " Pronominal Adjuncts in the Language spoken in the Western and See also:Southern Parts of the Panjab," ib. vol. lxvi. (1897), pt. i. pp. 146 ff.; A. See also:Jukes, See also:Dictionary of the Jatki or Western Panjabi Language (Lahore and London, 1900) ; J. Wilson, Grammar and Dictionary of Western Panjabi as spoken in the See also:Shahpur See also:District (Lahore, 1899)• For both languages the authorities quoted under the articles INDOARYAN LANGUAGES and PRAKRIT may be consulted with See also:advantage.

Vol. viii. of the Linguistic Survey of India contains full particulars of both in great detail. (G. A. GR.) See also:

SIN-EATER, a man who for trifling See also:payment was believed to take upon himself, by means of food and drink, the sins of a deceased person. The See also:custom was once common in many parts of See also:England and in the See also:highlands of See also:Scotland, and survived until See also:recent years in See also:Wales and the counties of See also:Shropshire and Here- fordshire. Usually each See also:village had its See also:official sin-eater to whom See also:notice was given as soon as a See also:death occurred. He at once went to the house, and there, a See also:stool being brought, he sat down in front of the See also:door. A See also:groat, a crust of See also:bread and a bowl of See also:ale were handed him, and after he had eaten and drunk he See also:rose and See also:pro- nounced the ease and See also:rest of the dead person, for whom he thus pawned his own soul. The earlier form seems to have been more realistic, the sin-eater being taken into the death-chamber, and, a piece of bread and possibly See also:cheese having been placed on the See also:breast of the See also:corpse by a relative, usually a woman, it was afterwards handed to the sin-eater, who See also:ate it in the presence of the dead. He was then handed his See also:fee, and at once hustled and thrust out of the house amid execrations, and a shower of sticks, cinders or whatever other missiles were handy. The custom First Conjugation. Second Conjugation.

Sindhi. Lahnda. Sindhi. Lahnda. See also:

Infinitive halan°, halan, to go. mdran'~, maran, to kill. Present participle halando, halda, going. marina, marendo, killing. Past participle hallo, haled, gone. mario, mitred', killed. Conjunctive participle hali, hali, having gone. mare, marl, having killed. Singular. Plural. First Second First Second Conjugation. Conjugation.

Conjugation. Conjugation. Person. Sindhi and Sindhi. Lahnda. Sindhi. Lahnda. Sindhi. Lahnda. Lahnda. 1. hales' mario mdrd hard mariu I maru 2. See also:

hale .marie marie See also:halo mario mar& 3. hale marie mare halane halin marine marin Present, " I am," &c. (See also:corn. gen.).

Past, " I was," &c. (masc.). Singular. Plural. Singular. Plural. Person. Sindhi. Lahnda. Sindhi. Lahnda. Sindhi.

Lahnda. Sindhi. Lahnda. 1. ahiyd`- hci ahiyd See also:

hai ho se hdus ~huasi hose 2. she he ahiyd ho See also:hue See also:hoe hua'~ have 3. she he n hot ho ha ha hain of sin-eating is generally supposed to be derived from the scapegoat (q.v.) in See also:Leviticus xvi. 21, 22. A symbolic survival of it was witnessed as recently as 1893 at See also:Market See also:Drayton, Shropshire. After a preliminary service had been held over the See also:coffin in the house, a woman poured out a See also:glass of See also:wine for each See also:bearer and handed it to him across the coffin with a " funeral See also:biscuit." In Upper See also:Bavaria sin-eating still survives: a corpse cake is placed on the breast of the dead and then eaten by the nearest relative, while in the See also:Balkan See also:peninsula a small bread See also:image of the deceased is made and eaten by the survivors of the See also:family. The Dutch doed-koecks or " dead-cakes, " marked with the See also:initials of the deceased, introduced into See also:America in the 17th See also:century, were long given to the attendants at funerals in old New See also:York. The " See also:burial-cakes " which are still made in parts of rural England, for example See also:Lincolnshire and See also:Cumberland, are almost certainly a relic of sin-eating.

End of Article: SINDHI (properly Sindhi, the language of Sindh, i.e. Sind) AND LAHNDA (properly Lahnda or Lahindd, western, or Laknde-di boli, the language of the west)

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SINDBAD THE SAILOR, VOYAGES OF 		[next]
SINECURE (Lat. sine cura, without care)

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