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DEGAS, HILAIRE GERMAIN EDGARD (1834- )

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Originally appearing in Volume V07, Page 932 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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DEGAS, HILAIRE GERMAIN EDGARD (1834- ) , See also:French painter, was See also:born in See also:Paris on the 19th of See also:July 1834. Entering in 1855 the Ecole See also:des See also:Beaux Arts, he See also:early See also:developed See also:independence of See also:artistic outlook, studying under Lamothe. He first exhibited in the See also:Salon of 1865, contributing a " See also:War in themiddle ages," a See also:work executed in See also:pastel. To this See also:medium he was ever faithful, using it for some of his best work. In z866 his " See also:Steeplechase " revealed him as a painter of the racecourse and of all the most See also:modern aspects of See also:life and of Parisian society, treated in an extremely See also:original manner. He subsequently exhibited in 1867 " See also:Family Portraits," and in 1868 a portrait of a dancer in the " See also:Ballet of La Source." In 1869 and 187o he restricted himself to portraits; but thenceforward he abandoned the Salons and attached himself to the Impressionists. With See also:Manet and See also:Monet he took the See also:lead of the new school at its first See also:exhibition in 1874, and repeatedly contributed to these exhibi, tions (in 1876, 1878, 1879 and 188o). In 1868 he had shown his first study of a dancer, and in numerous pastels he proclaimed himself the painter of the ballet, representing its figurantes in every attitude with more See also:constant aim at truth than See also:grace. Several of his See also:works may be seen at the Luxembourg See also:Gallery, to which they were bequeathed, among a collection of impressionist pictures, by M. Caillebotte. In 188o Degas showed his See also:powers of observation in a set of " Portraits of Criminals," and he attempted modelling in a " Dancer," in See also:wax. He afterwards returned to his studies of the sporting See also:world, exhibiting in See also:December 1884 at the See also:Petit Gallery two views of " Races " which had a See also:great success, proving the increasing See also:vogue of the artist among collectors.

He is ranked with Manet as the See also:

leader of the " impressionist school." At the eighth Impressionist Exhibition, in 1886, Degas continued his realistic studies of modern life, showing drawings of the nude, of workwomen, and of jockeys. Besides his pastels and his paintings of genre and portraits—among these, several likenesses of Manet—Degas also handled his favourite subjects in See also:etching and in See also:aquatint; and executed several lithographs of " Singers at Cafes-See also:concert," of " Ballet-girls," and indeed of every possible subject of See also:night-life and incidents behind the scenes. His work is to be seen not only at the Luxembourg but in many of the great private collections in Paris, in See also:England and See also:America. In the See also:Centenary Exhibition of 1900 he exhibited " The Interior of a See also:Cotton-See also:Broker's See also:Office at New See also:Orleans " (belonging to the Museum at See also:Pau) and " The See also:Rehearsal." See also G. See also:Moore, " Degas, the Painter of Modern Life," See also:Magazine of See also:Art (189o); J. K. See also:Huysmans, Certains (Paris, 1889); G. See also:Geffroy, La See also:Vie Artistique (3a Serie, Paris, 1894). DE GEER, See also:LOUIS See also:GERHARD, See also:BARON (1818-1896), See also:Swedish statesman and writer, was born on the 18th of July 1818 at Finspang See also:castle. He adopted the legal profession, and in 1855 became See also:president of the See also:Gota Hofret, or See also:lord See also:justice of one of the Swedish supreme courts. From the 7th of See also:April 1858 to the 3rd of See also:June 187o he was See also:minister of justice. As a member of the Upper See also:House he took See also:part in all the Swedish Riksdags from 1851 onwards, though he seldom spoke.

From 1867 to 1878 he was the member for See also:

Stockholm in the first chamber, and introduced and passed many useful reformatory statutes; but his greatest achievement, as a statesman, was the reform of the Swedish representative See also:system, whereby he substituted a bi-cameral elective See also:parliament, on modern lines, for the existing cumber-some See also:representation by estates, a survival from the later See also:middle ages. This great measure was accepted by the Riksdag in December 1865, and received the royal See also:sanction on the 22nd of June 1866. For some See also:time after this De Geer was the most popular See also:man in See also:Sweden. He retired from the See also:ministry in 187o, but took office again, as minister of justice, in 1875. In 1876 he became minister of See also:state, which position he retained till April 188o, when the failure of his repeated efforts to See also:settle the armaments' question again induced him to resign. From 1881 to 1888 he was See also:chancellor of the See also:universities of See also:Upsala and See also:Lund. Besides several novels and aesthetic essays, De Geer has written a few See also:political See also:memoirs of supreme merit both as to See also:style and See also:matter, the most notable of which are: Minnesteckning ofver A. J. v. See also:Hopken (Stockholm, 1881); Minnesteckning bfver Hans Jarta (Stockholm, 1874); Minnesteckning ofver B. B. von Platen (Stockholm, 1886); and his own Minnen (Stockholm, 1892), an autobiography, invaluable as a See also:historical document, in which the political experience and the matured judgments of a lifetime are recorded with singular clearness, sobriety and See also:charm. See Sveriges historia (Stockholm, 1881, &c.), vi.; Carl Gustaf Malmstrom, Historiska Studier (Stockholm, 1897). (R.

N.

End of Article: DEGAS, HILAIRE GERMAIN EDGARD (1834- )

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