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GERHARD ,JOHANN (1582-1637), Lutheran divine, was See also:born in Quedlinburg on the 17th of See also:October 1582. In his fifteenth See also:year, during a dangerous illness, he came under the See also:personal See also:influence of Johann See also:Arndt, author of Das wahre Christenthum, and resolved to study for the See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
church. He entered the university of See also:Wittenberg in 1599, and first studied See also:philosophy. He also attended lectures in See also:theology, but, a relative having persuaded him to See also:change his subject, he studied See also:medicine for two years. In 1603, however, he resumed his theological See also:reading at See also:Jena, and in the following year received a new impulse from J. W. See also:Winckelmann (1551-1626) and Balthasar Mentzer (1565-1627) at See also:Marburg. Having graduated and begun to give lectures at Jena in 1605, he in 16o6 accepted the invitation of See also:John Casimir, See also:duke of See also:Coburg, to the superintendency of Heldburg and See also:master-See also:ship of the gymnasium; soon afterwards he became See also:general See also:superintendent of the duchy, in which capacity he was engaged in the See also:practical See also:work of ecclesiastical organization until 1616, when he became theological See also:professor at Jena, where the See also:remainder of his See also:life was spent. Here, with Johann See also:Major and Johann See also:Himmel, he formed the " Trias Johannea." Though still comparatively See also:young, Gerhard had already come to be regarded as the greatest living theologian of See also:Protestant See also:Germany; in the numerous " disputations " of the See also:period he was always protagonist, while on all public and domestic questions touching on See also:religion or morals his See also:advice was widely sought. It is recorded that during the course of his lifetime he had received repeated calls to almost every universityin Germany (e.g. See also:Giessen, See also:Altdorf, See also:Helmstedt, Jena, Wittenberg), as well as to See also:Upsala in See also:Sweden. He died in Jena on the 2oth of See also:August 1637.
His writings are numerous, alike in exegetical, polemical, dogmatic and practical theology. To the first See also:category belong the Commenlarius in harmoniam hisloriae evangelicae de passione Christi (1617), the Comment, super priorem D. Petri epistolam (1641), and also his commentaries on See also:Genesis (1637) and on See also:Deuteronomy (1658). Of a controversial See also:character are the Confessio Catholica (1633-1637), an extensive work which seeks to prove the evangelical and See also:catholic character of the See also:doctrine of the See also:Augsburg See also:Confession from the writings of approved See also:Roman Catholic authors; and the Loci communes theologici (1610-1622), his See also:principal contribution to See also:science, in which Lutheranism is expounded " nervose, solide,
et copiose," in fact with a fulness of learning, a force of See also:logic and See also:Berlin as See also:tutor in the See also:family of an See also:advocate named Berthold, whose daughter he subsequently married, on receiving his first ecclesiastical See also:appointment at Mittelwald (a small See also:town in the neighbourhood of Berlin) in 1651. In 1657 he accepted an invitation as " diaconus " to the Nicolaikirche of Berlin; but, in consequence of his uncompromising Lutheranism in refusing to accept the elector See also:Frederick See also:- WILLIAM
- WILLIAM (1143-1214)
- WILLIAM (1227-1256)
- WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
- WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
- WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
- WILLIAM, 13TH
William's " syncretistic " See also:edict of 1664, he was deprived in 1666. Though absolved from submission and restored to See also:- OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")
office See also:early in the following year, on the See also:petition of the citizens, his See also:conscience did not allow him to retain a See also:post which, as it appeared to him, could only be held on See also:condition of at least a tacit repudiation of the See also:Formula Concordiae, and for upwards of a year he lived in Berlin without fixed employment. In 1668 he was appointed See also:archdeacon of See also:Lubben in the duchy of See also:Saxe-Nlerseburg, where, after a somewhat sombre See also:ministry of eight years, he died on the 7th of See also:June 1676. See also:Gerhardt is the greatest hymn-writer of Germany, if not indeed of See also:Europe. Many of his best-known See also:hymns were originally published in various church hymn-books, as for example in that for See also:Brandenburg, which appeared in 1658; others first saw the See also:light in Johann Cruger's Geistliche Kirchenmelodien (1649) and Praxis pietatis melica (1656). The first See also:complete set of them is the Geistliche Andachten, published in 1666–1667 by Ebeling, See also:music director in Berlin. No hymn by Gerhardt of a later date than 1667 is known to exist.
The life of Gerhardt has been written by See also:Roth (1829), by Langbecker (1841), by See also:Schultz (1842), by Wildenhahn (1845) and byy Bachmann (1863) ; also by Kraft in See also:Ersch u. See also:Gruber's Allg. Encycl. (1855). The best See also:modern edition of the hymns, published by Wackernagel in 1843, has often been reprinted. There is an See also:English See also:translation by See also:Kelly (See also:Paul Gerhardt's Spiritual Songs, 1867).
End of Article: GERHARD
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