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MANET, EDOUARD (1832-1883)
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See also:MANET, EDOUARD (1832-1883) , See also:French painter, regarded as the most important See also:master of See also:Impressionism (q.v.), was See also:born in See also:Paris on the 23rd of See also:January 1832. After spending some See also:time under the tuition of the See also:Abbe Poiloup, he entered the See also:College See also:Rollin, where his See also:passion for See also:drawing led him to neglect all his other lessons. His studies finished in 1848, he was placed on See also:board the See also:ship See also:Guadeloupe, voyaging to Rio de Janeiro. On his return he first studied in See also:Couture's studio (1851), where his See also:independence often infuriated his master. For six years he was an intermittent visitor to the studio, constantly taking leave to travel, and going first to See also:Cassel, See also:Dresden, See also:Vienna and See also:Munich, and afterwards to See also:Florence, See also:Rome and See also:Venice, where he made some stay. Some important drawings date from this See also:period, and one picture, "A Nymph Surprised." Then, after imitating Couture, more or less, in " The See also:Absinthe-drinker " (1866), and See also:Courbet in " The Old Musician," he devoted himself almost exclusively to the study of the See also:Spanish masters in the Louvre. A See also:group was already gathering See also:round him—See also:Whistler, See also:Legros, and Fantin-Latour haunted his studio in the See also:Rue See also:Guyot. His " Spaniard playing the See also:Guitar," in the See also:Salon of 186r, excited much animadversion. See also:Delacroix alone defended Manet, but, this notwithstanding, his " Fifer of the Guard " and " Breakfast on the Grass " were refused by the See also:jury. Then the " See also:Exhibition of the Rejected" was opened, and round Manet a group was formed, including See also:Bracquemond, Legros, Jongkind, Whistler, See also:Harpignies and Fantin-Latour, the writers See also:Zola, Duranty and Duret, and See also:Astruc the sculptor. In 1863, when an See also:amateur, M. See also:Martinet, See also:lent an exhibition-See also:room to Manet, the painter exhibited fourteen pictures; and then, in 1864, contributed again to the Salon " The Angels at the See also:Tomb " and " A. See also:Bull-fight." Of this picture he afterwards kept nothing but the See also:toreador in the foreground, and it is now known as " The Dead See also:Man." In 1865 he sent to the Salon " See also:Christ reviled by the Soldiers " and the famous " See also:Olympia," which was hailed with mockery and See also:laughter. It represents a nude woman reclining on a See also:couch, behind which is seen the See also:head of a negress who carries a bunch of See also:flowers. A See also:black See also:cat at her feet emphasizes the whiteness of the See also:sheet on which the woman lies. This See also:work (now in the Louvre) was presented to the Luxembourg by a subscription started by See also:Claude See also:Monet (1890). It was hung in 1897 among the Caillebotte collection, which included the " See also:Balcony," and a study of a See also:female head called " Angelina." This See also:production, of a highly See also:independent individuality, secured Manet's exclusion from the Salon of 1866, so that he determined to exhibit his pictures in a See also:place apart during the See also:Great Exhibition of 1867. In a large See also:gallery in the See also:Avenue de 1'See also:Alma, See also:half of which was occupied by Courbet, he hung no fewer than fifty paintings. Only one important picture was absent, " The See also:Execution of the See also:Emperor See also:Maximilian "; its exhibition was prohibited by the authorities. From that time, in spite of the fierce hostility of some adversaries, Manet's See also:energy and that of his supporters began to gain the See also:day. His " See also:Young Girl " (Salon of 1868) was justly appreciated, as well as the portrait of Lola; but the " Balcony " and the " Breakfast " (1869) were as severely handled as the " Olympia " had been. In 187o he exhibited " The See also:Music See also:Lesson " and a portrait of Mlle E. Gonzales. Not See also:long before the Franco-Prussian See also:War, Manet, finding himself in the See also:country, with a friend, for the first time discovered the true value of open See also:air to the effects of See also:painting in his picture " The See also:Garden," which gave rise to the " open air " or plein air school. After fighting as a See also:gunner, he returned to his See also:family in the See also:Pyrenees, where he painted " The See also:Battle of the Kearsarge and the See also:Alabama." His " Bon Bock" (1873) created a furore. But in 1875, as in 1869, there was a fresh outburst of abuse, this time of the " Railroad," " Polichinelle," and " See also:Argenteuil," and the jury excluded the artist, who for the second time arranged an exhibition in his studio. In 1877 his " See also:Hamlet " was admitted to the Salon, but " Nana" was rejected. The following See also:works were exhibited at the Salon of 1881: " In the Conservatory," " In a See also:Boat," and the portraits of See also:Rochefort and See also:Proust; and the See also:Cross of the See also:Legion of See also:Honour was conferred on the painter on the 31st of See also:December in that See also:year. Manet died in Paris on the loth of See also:April 1883. He See also:left, besides his pictures, a number of pastels and engravings. He illustrated See also:Les Chats by Champfleury, and See also:Edgar See also:Allan See also:Poe's The See also:Raven. See Zola, Manet (Paris, 1867); E. See also:Bazire, Manet (Paris, 1884); G. See also:Geffroy, La See also:Vie artistique (1893). (H. Additional information and CommentsThere are no comments yet for this article.
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