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See also:PROUST, See also:JOSEPH See also:- LOUIS
- LOUIS (804–876)
- LOUIS (893–911)
- LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
- LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian
LOUIS (1754–1826) , See also:French chemist, was See also:born on the 26th of See also:September 1754 at See also:Angers, where his See also:father was an See also:apothecary. After beginning the study of See also:chemistry in his father's See also:shop he came to See also:Paris and gained the See also:appointment of apothecary in See also:chief to the Salpetriere, also lecturing on chemistry at the See also:musk of the aeronaut J. F. Pilatre de Rozier, whom he accompanied in a See also:balloon ascent in 1784. Next, at the instance of See also:Charles IV., he went to See also:Spain, where he taught chemistry first at the See also:artillery school of See also:Segovia, and then at See also:Salamanca, finally becoming in 1789 director of the royal laboratory at See also:Madrid. In 18o8 he lost both his position and his See also:money by the fall of his See also:patron, and retired first to Craon in See also:Mayenne and then to Angers, where he died on the 5th of See also:July 1826. His name is best known in connexion with a See also:long controversy with C. L. Berthollet. The latter chemist was led by his See also:doctrine of See also:mass-See also:action to deny that substances always combine in See also:constant and definite proportions., Proust, on the other See also:hand, maintained that compounds always contain definite quantities of their constituent elements, and that in cases where two or more elements unite to See also:form more than one See also:compound, the proportions in which they are See also:present vary per saltum, not gradually. In 1799 he proved that carbonate of See also:copper, whether natural or artificial, always has the same See also:composition, and later he showed that the two oxides of See also:tin and the two sulphides of See also:iron always contain the same relative weights of their components and that no intermediate indeterminate compounds exist. His See also:analytical skill enabled him to demonstrate the inaccuracy of the researches by which Berthollet attempted to support the opposite view, and to show among other things that some of the compounds which Berthollet treated as oxides were in reality hydrates containing chemically combined See also:water, and the upshot was that by 18o8 he had fully vindicated his position. Proust also investigated the varieties of See also:sugar that occur in sweet See also:vegetable juices, distinguishing three kinds, and he showed that the sugar in grapes, of which he announced the existence to his classes at Madrid in 1799, is identical with that obtained from See also:honey by the See also:Russian chemist J. T. Lowitz (1757–1804).
Besides papers in scientific See also:periodicals he published Indagaciones sobre el estan"ada de cobre, la vajilla de estano y el vidriado (1803); Memoire sur le See also:sucre de raisins (18o8); Recueil See also:des memoires relatifs d la poudre a See also:canon (1815) ; and Essai sur une• des causes qui peuvent amener la formation du calcul (1824).
End of Article: PROUST, JOSEPH LOUIS (1754–1826)
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