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LAHORE

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Originally appearing in Volume V16, Page 82 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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LAHORE , an See also:

ancient See also:city of See also:British See also:India, the See also:capital of the See also:Punjab, which gives its name to a See also:district and See also:division. It lies in 31° 35' N. and 74° 20' E. near the See also:left See also:bank of the See also:River See also:Ravi, 1706 ft. above the See also:sea, and 1252 M. by See also:rail from See also:Calcutta. It is thus in about the same See also:latitude as See also:Cairo, but owing to its inland position is considerably hotter than that city, being one of the hottest places in India in the summer See also:time. In the See also:cold See also:season the See also:climate is pleasantly' cool and See also:bright. The native city is walled, about ri m. in length W. to E. and about a m. in breadth N. to S. Its site has been occupied from See also:early times, and much of it stands high above the level of the surrounding See also:country, raised on the remains of a See also:succession of former habitations. Some old buildings, which have been preserved, stand now below the See also:present See also:surface of the ground. This is well seen in the See also:mosque now called Masjid Niwin (or sunken) built in 156o, the mosque of See also:Mullah Rahmat, 7 ft. below, and the Shivali, a very old See also:Hindu See also:temple, about 12 ft. below the surrounding ground. Hindu tradition traces the origin of Lahore to Loh or See also:Lava, son of Rama, the See also:hero of the Ramayana. The See also:absence of mention of Lahore by See also:Alexander's historians, and the fact that coins of the Graeco-Bactrian See also:kings are not found among the ruins, See also:lead to the belief that it was not a See also:place of any importance during the earliest See also:period of See also:Indian See also:history. On the other See also:hand, Hsiian Tsang, the See also:Chinese Buddhist, notices the city in his Itinerary (A.D. 63o); and it seems probable, therefore, that Lahore first See also:rose into prominence between the 1st and 7th centuries A.D.

Governed originally by a See also:

family of Chauhan Rajputs, a See also:branch of the See also:house of See also:Ajmere, Lahore See also:fell successively under the dominion of the See also:Ghazni and Ghori sultans, who made it the capital of their Indian conquests, and adorned it with numerous buildings, almost all now in ruins. But it was under the See also:Mogul See also:empire that Lahore reached its greatest See also:size and magnificence., The reigns of See also:Humayun, See also:Akbar, See also:Jahangir, Shah Jahan and See also:Aurangzeb See also:form the See also:golden period in the See also:annals and See also:architecture of the city. Akbar enlarged and repaired the fort, and surrounded the See also:town with a See also:wall, portions of which remain, built into the See also:modern See also:work of Ranjit Singh. Lahore formed the capital of the See also:Sikh empire of that monarch. At the end of the second Sikh See also:War, with the See also:rest of the Punjab, it came under the British dominion. The architecture of Lahore cannot compare with that of See also:Delhi. Jahangir in 1622—1627 erected the Khwabgah or " sleeping-place," a See also:fine See also:palace much defaced by the Sikhs but to some extent restored in modern times; the Moti Masjid or " See also:pearl mosque " in the fort, used by Ranjit Singh and afterwards by the British as a treasure-house; and also the See also:tomb of Anarkali, used formerly as the station See also:church and now as a library. Shah Jahan erected a palace and other buildings near the Khwabgah, including the beautiful See also:pavilion called the Naulakha from its cost of nine lakhs, which was inlaid with See also:precious stones. The mosque of See also:Wazir See also:Khan (1634) provides the finest example of See also:kashi or encaustic See also:tile work. Aurangzeb's Jama Masjid, or " See also:great mosque," is a huge See also:bare See also:building, stiff in See also:design, and lacking the detailed See also:ornament typical of buildings at Delhi. The buildings of Ranjit Singh, especially his See also:mausoleum, are See also:common and meretricious in See also:style. He was, moreover, responsible for much of the despoiling of the earlier buildings.

The streets of the native city are narrow and tortuous, and are best seen from the back of an See also:

elephant. Two of the See also:chief features of Lahore See also:lie outside its walls at Shandara and Shalamar Gardens respectively. Shandara, which contains the tomb of the See also:emperor Jahangir, lies across the Ravi some 6 m. N. of the city. It consists of a splendid See also:marble See also:cenotaph surrounded by a See also:grove of trees and gardens. The Shalamar Gardens, which were laid out in A.D. 1637 by Shah Jahan, lie 6 m. E. of the city. They are somewhat neglected except on festive occasions, when the fountains are playing and the trees are lit up by lamps at See also:night. The modern city of Lahore, which contained a See also:population of 202,964 in 1901, may be divided into four parts: the native city, already described; the See also:civil station or See also:European See also:quarter, known as Donald Town; the Anarkali See also:bazaar, a suburb S. of the city wall; and the See also:cantonment, formerly called Mian Mir. The See also:main See also:street of the civil station is a portion of the See also:grand See also:trunk road from Calcutta to See also:Peshawar, locally known as the Mall. The chief modern buildings along this road, See also:west to See also:east, are the Lahore museum, containing a fine collection of Graeco-Buddhist sculptures, found by See also:General See also:Cunningham in the Yusufzai country, and arranged by Mr See also:Lockwood See also:Kipling, a former See also:curator of the museum; the See also:cathedral, begun by See also:Bishop See also:French, in Early See also:English style, and consecrated in 1887; the See also:Lawrence Gardens and See also:Montgomery Halls, surrounded by a See also:garden that forms the chief See also:meeting-place of Europeans in the afternoon; and opposite this See also:government house, the See also:official See also:residence of the See also:lieutenant-See also:governor of the Punjab; next to this is the Punjab See also:club for military men and civilians.

Three See also:

miles beyond is the Lahore cantonment, where the See also:garrison is stationed, except a See also:company of British See also:infantry, which occupies the fort. It is the headquarters of the 3rd division of the See also:northern See also:army. Lahore is an important junction on the See also:North-Western railway See also:system, but has little See also:local See also:trade or manufacture. The chief See also:industries are See also:silk goods, See also:gold and See also:silver See also:lace, See also:metal work and carpets which are made in the Lahore See also:gaol. There are also See also:cotton See also:mills, See also:flour mills, an See also:ice-factory, and several factories for See also:mineral See also:waters, See also:oils, See also:soap, See also:leather goods, &c. Lahore is an important educational centre. Here are the Punjab University with five colleges, medical and See also:law colleges, a central training See also:college, the Aitchison Chiefs' College for the sons of native noblemen, and a number of other high See also:schools and technical and See also:special schools. The DISTRICT OF LAHORE has an See also:area of 3704 sq. m., and its population in Igor was 1,162,109, consisting chiefly of Punjabi Mahommedans with a large admixture of See also:Hindus and Sikhs. In the north-west the district includes a large See also:part of the barren Rechna See also:Doab, while See also:south of the Ravi is a desolate alluvial See also:tract, liable to floods. The Manjha See also:plateau, however, between the Ravi and the See also:Beas, has been rendered fertile by the See also:Bari Doab See also:canal. The See also:principal crops are See also:wheat, See also:pulse, millets, See also:maize, oil-seeds and cotton. There are numerous factories for ginning and pressing cotton.

See also:

Irrigation is provided by the main See also:line of the Bari Doab canal and its branches, and by inundation-cuts from the See also:Sutlej. The district is crossed in several directions by lines of the North-Western railway. Lahore, See also:Kasur, Chunian and Raiwind are the chief trade centres. The DIvISIoN OF LAHORE extends along the right bank of the Sutlej from the Himalayas to See also:Multan. It comprises the six districts of See also:Sialkot, See also:Gujranwala, Montgomery, Lahore, See also:Amritsar and See also:Gurdaspur. See also:Total area, 17,154 sq. m.; pop. (1901) 5,598,463. The See also:commissioner for the division also exercises See also:political See also:control over the See also:hill See also:state of See also:Chamba. The common See also:language of the rural population and of artisans is Punjabi; while See also:Urdu or Hindustani is spoken by the educated classes. So far from the seaboard, the range between extremes of See also:winter and summer temperature in the sub-tropics is great. The mean temperature in the shade in See also:June is about 92° F., in See also:January about 50°. In midsummer the thermometer sometimes rises to Ire in the shade, and remains on some occasions as high as 105° throughout the night.

In winter the See also:

morning temperature is sometimes as See also:low as 20°. The rainfall is uncertain, ranging from 8 in. to 25, with an See also:average of 15 in. The country as a whole is parched and arid, and greatly dependent on irrigation. . LA HOZ Y MOTA, JUAN CLAUDIO DE (163o?-171o?), See also:Spanish dramatist, was See also:born in See also:Madrid. He became a See also:knight of See also:Santiago in 1653, and soon afterwards succeeded his See also:father as regidor of See also:Burgos. In 1665 he was nominated to an important See also:post at the See also:Treasury, and in his later years acted as official See also:censor of the Madrid theatres. On the 13th of See also:August 1709 he signed his See also:play entitled Josef, See also:salvador de Egipto, and is presumed to have died in the following See also:year. Hoz is not remark-able for originality of conception, but his recasts of plays by earlier writers are distinguished by an adroitness which accounts for the esteem 'in which he was held by his contemporaries. El Montanus Juan See also:Pascal and El castigo de la miseria, reprinted in the Biblioteca de Autores Espanoles, give a just See also:idea of his adaptable See also:talent.

End of Article: LAHORE

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