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KASHI

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Originally appearing in Volume V15, Page 686 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.

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KASHI , or KAsI, formerly the See also:

Persian word for all glazed and enamelled pottery irrespectively; now the accepted See also:

TERM

term for certain kinds of enamelled See also:

TILE (0. Eng. tigel, Fr. tuile, connected with Lat. tegula)

tile-See also:

WORK

work, including See also:

BRICK (derived according to some etymologists from the Teutonic bricke, a disk or plate; but more authoritatively, through the French brique, originally a " broken piece," applied especially to bread, and so to clay, from the Teutonic brikan, to break)

brick-work and tile-See also:

MOSAIC (corresponding to Lat. opus musivum, from Gr. µovoeiov, an artificial grotto often decorated with mosaics; the word is only found in the sense of mosaic in late Greek, which generally uses k oXI yrlµa)

mosaic work, manufactured in See also:

PERSIA

Persia and parts of See also:

MAHOMMEDAN

Mahommedan See also:

India, chiefly during the 16th and 17th centuries.' Undoubtedly originating in the Semitic word for See also:

glass, kas, Kashf, the See also:

HINDU

Hindu name for the sacred See also:

CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of See also:

BENARES

Benares, has no ceramic significance.it is quite possible that the name kashi is immediately derived from See also:

KASHAN

Kashan, a See also:

TOWN

town in Persia noted for its See also:

FAIENCE

faience. This See also:

ancient pottery site, in turn, probably receives its name from the old-See also:

time See also:

INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry; as a " city of the See also:

PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain " it would obviously have no claim to the farther-eastern suffix shan, meaning a See also:

mountain. See also:

Sir See also:

George See also:

BIRDWOOD, SIR GEORGE CHRISTOPHER MOLESWORTH (1832– )

Birdwood wisely considers that " the See also:

art of See also:

GLAZING

glazing eathenware has, in Persia, descended in an almost unbroken tradition from the See also:

period of the greatness of See also:

CHALDAEA

Chaldaea and See also:

ASSYRIA

Assyria . . . the name has, by which it is known in Arabic and See also:

HEBREW

Hebrew, carries us back to the manufacture of glass and enamels for which See also:

GREAT

great See also:

SIDON (Phoen. ins, Hebrew 1-rs, Assyr. Sidunnu, Egypt. Diduna)

Sidon was already famous 15oo years before See also:

Christ . . . the designs used in the decoration of See also:

SIND

Sind and See also:

PUNJAB

Punjab glazed pottery also go to prove how much these See also:

INDIAN

Indian wares have been influenced by Persian examples and the Persian tradition of the much earlier art of See also:

NINEVEH (Heb. m}'?, in classical authors Nivos, Ninus; LXX. Ntsetni, Nnveun: Assyrian Nind or Ninua)

Nineveh and See also:

BABYLON (mod. Hillah)

Babylon " (The See also:

INDUSTRIAL

Industrial Arts of India, 1880). The two native names for glass, kanch and shisha, See also:

COMMON

common to Persia and India, are, seemingly, modifications of kashi. The Indian tradition of See also:

CHINESE, JAPANESE AND

Chinese potters settling in bygone days at See also:

LAHORE

Lahore and See also:

HALA, or HALLA (formerly known as Murtazabad )

Hala respectively, still lingers in the Punjab and Sind provinces, and evidently travelled eastward from Persia with the Moguls. Howbeit in Lahore the name Chfnf is sometimes wrongly applied to kashi work; and the so-called Chfnf-ka-Rauza See also:

MAUSOLEUM

mausoleum at See also:

AGRA

Agra is an instance of this misuse. It now seems an established fact that a See also:

COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

colony of Chinese ceramic experts migrated to See also:

ISFAHAN (older form Ispahan)

Isfahan during the 16th See also:

CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century (probably in the reign, and at the invitation, of Shah Abbas I.), and there helped to revive the jaded pottery industry of that See also:

DISTRICT

district. Kashi work consisted of two kinds: (a) See also:

ENAMEL (formerly " amel," derived through the Fr. amail, emmll, esmail, from a Latin word smaltum, first found in a 9th-century life of Leo IV.)

Enamel-faced tiles and bricks of strongly fired red earthenware, or terra-See also:

cotta; (b) Enamel-faced tiles and tesserae of lightly fired " See also:

lime-See also:

MORTAR

mortar," or See also:

SANDSTONE

sandstone. Tile-mosaic work is described by some authorities as the true kashi. From examination of figured tile-mosaic patterns, it would appear that, in some instances, the shaped tesserae had been cut out of enamelled slabs or tiles after firing; in other examples to have been cut into shape before receiving their facing of coloured enamel.

Mosaic panels in the fort at Lahore are described by J. L. See also:

KIPLING, RUDYARD (1865— )

Kipling as " showing a gul desta., or foliated See also:

PATTERN

pattern of a branching See also:

tree, each See also:

LEAF (O. Eng. leaf, cf. Dutch loof, Ger. Laub, Swed. lof, &c.; possibly to be referred to the root seen in Gr. Ma-eta, to peel, strip)

leaf of which is a See also:

SEPARATE

separate piece of pottery." Conventional representations of foliage, See also:

FLOWERS, ARTIFICIAL

flowers and See also:

FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

fruit, intricate geometrical figures, interlacing arabesques, and decorative calligraphy—See also:

INSCRIPTIONS (from Lat. inscribere, to write upon)

inscriptions in Arabic and Persian—constitute the See also:

ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary kashi designs. The See also:

COLOURS, MILITARY

colours chiefly used were See also:

COBALT (symbol Co, atomic weight 59)

cobalt See also:

BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

blue, See also:

COPPER (symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.1, H=1, or 63.6, O = 16)

copper blue (See also:

TURQUOISE

turquoise See also:

COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour), See also:

lead-antimoniate yellow (See also:

MUSTARD

mustard colour), See also:

MANGANESE (symbol Mn; atomic weight, 54.93 (0=16)], a metallic chemical element. Its dioxide (pyrolusite)

manganese See also:

PURPLE

purple, See also:

IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron See also:

brown and See also:

TIN (Lat.- stannum, whence the chemical symbol " Sn "; atomic weight =117.6, 0=16)

tin See also:

white. A colour-See also:

SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme, popular with See also:

MOGUL, MOCHAL, or MIGHAL

Mogul and contemporary Persian kashigars, was the See also:

DESIGN (Fr. desiin, drawing; Lat. designare, to mark out)

design, in cobalt blue and copper blue, reserved on a ground of deep mustard yellow. Before applying the enamel colours, the rough See also:

FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face of the tile, or the tesserae, received a thin coating of slip of variable See also:

composition. It is probably owing to some defect in this See also:

PART

part of the See also:

PROCESS

process, or to imperfect firing, that the enamelled tile surfaces on many old buildings, particularly on the See also:

south See also:

side, have weathered and flaked away. In India the finest examples of kashi work are in the Punjab and Sind provinces. At Lahore, amongst many beautiful structures, the most notable are the See also:

MOSQUE (through Fr. mosquie; Span. mezquila, from Arab. masjid, sajada, to adore)

mosque of See also:

WAZIR, or VIZIER (Arabic wazir)

Wazir See also:

KHAN (from the Turki, hence Persian and Arabic Khan)

Khan (A.D. 1634) and the gateways of three famous See also:

PLEASURE (through Fr. plaisir from Lat. placere, to please; Gr. rlbovii)

pleasure gardens, the Shalamar Bagh (A.D. 1637), the Gulabi Bagh (A.D. 1640), and the Charburji (c.

A.D. 1665). At See also:

TATTA, or TIIATO

Tatta the Jami Masjid, built by Shah Jahan (c. A.D. 1645), is a splendid See also:

ILLUSTRATION

illustration; whilst in that " vast See also:

CEMETERY (Gr. Korrsnri7pwv, from Hoiµav, to sleep)

cemetery of six square See also:

MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

miles " on the adjacent Malki See also:

plateau, are numerous Mahommedan tombs (A.D. 1570–1640) with extraordinary kashi ornamentation. See also:

DELHI, DEHLI

Delhi, See also:

MULTAN, or MOOLTAN

Multan, See also:

JULLUNDUR, or JALANDHAR

Jullundur, Shandara, Lahore See also:

CANTONMENT (Fr. cantonnement, from cantonner, to quarter; Ger. Ortsunterkunft or Quartier)

cantonment, Agra and See also:

Hyderabad (Sind), all possess excellent monuments of the best period viz. those erected during the reigns of See also:

AKBAR, AKHBAR

Akbar and See also:

JAHANGIR, or JEHANGIR (1569-1627)

Jahangir (A.D. 1556–1b28). In Persia, at Isfahan, Kashan, See also:

MESHED (properly Mash-had, " the place of martyrdom ")

Meshed and See also:

Kerman are a fey buildings and ruins showing the old kashi work; the See also:

PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace of Chehel Situn in Isfahan, built during the reign of Shah Abbas I. (c. A.D. 1600), is a magnificent specimen of this art.

Occasional revivals of the manufacture have taken See also:

PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place both in India and Persia. Mahommed Sharif, a See also:

potter of Jullundur in the Punjab, reproduced the Mogul enamelled tile-work in 1885, and there is a See also:

MANUSCRIPT

manuscript See also:

RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record of a certain Ustad See also:

Ali Mahommed, of Isfahan, who revived the Persian processes in 1887. (W. B.*; C. S.

End of Article: KASHI

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