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GLAZING
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GLAZING .—The business of the glazier may be confined to the See also:mere fitting and setting of See also:glass (q.v.), even the cutting up of the plates into squares being generally an See also:independent See also:art, requiring a degree of tact and See also:judgment not necessarily possessed by the See also:building artificer. The tools generally used by the glazier are the See also:diamond for cutting, laths or straight edges, tee square, measuring See also:rule, glazing See also:knife, hacking knife and See also:hammer, duster, See also:sash See also:tool, two-See also:foot rule and a glazier's See also:cradle for carrying the glass. Glaziers' materials are glass, See also:putty, priming or paint, springs, See also:wash-See also:leather or See also:india-See also:rubber for See also:door panels, See also:size, See also:black. The glass is supplied by the manufacturer and cut to the sizes required for the particular See also:work to be executed. Putty is made of See also:whiting and See also:linseed oil, and is generally bought in See also:iron kegs of z or 1 cwt.; the putty should always be kept covered over, and when found to be getting hard in the keg a little oil should be put on it to keep it moist. Priming is a thin coat of paint with a small amount of red See also:lead in it. In the See also:majority of cases after the sashes for the windows are fitted they are sent to the glazier's and primed and glazed, and then returned to the See also:job and hung in their proper positions. When priming sashes it is important that the rebates be thoroughly primed, else the putty will not adhere. All See also:wood that is to be painted requires before being primed to have the knots coated with knotting. When the priming is dry, the glass is cut and fitted into its See also:place; each See also:pane should See also:fit easily with about 116th in. See also:play all See also:round. The glazier runs the putty round the rebates with his hands, and then beds the glass in it, pushing it down tight, and then further secures it by knocking in small nails, called glaziers' sprigs, on the See also:rebate See also:side. He then trims up the edges of the protruding putty and bevels off the putty on the rebate or outside of the sash with a putty knife. The sash is then ready for See also:painting. Large squares and See also:plate glass are usually inserted when the sashes are hung to avoid risks of breakage. For inside work the panes of glass are generally secured with beads (not with putty), and in the best work these beads are fixed with See also:brass screws and caps to allow of easy removal without breaking the beads and damaging the paint, &c. In the See also:case of glass in door panels where there is much vibration and slamming, the glass is bedded in wash-leather or india-rubber and secured with beads as before mentioned.
The most See also:common glass and that generally used is clear See also:sheet in varying thicknesses, ranging in See also:weight from 15 to 30 oz. per sq. ft. This can be had in several qualities of See also:English or See also:foreign manufacture. But there are many other varieties—obscured, fluted, enamelled, coloured and ornamental, rolled and rough plate, See also:British polished plate, patent plate, fluted rolled, See also:quarry rolled, chequered rough, and a variety of figured rolled, and stained glass, and See also:crown-glass with bulls'-eyes in the centre.
Lead See also:light glazing is the glazing of frames with small squares of glass, which are held together by reticulations of lead; these are secured by means of See also:copper See also:wire to iron See also:saddle bars, which are let into mortices in the wood frames or See also: It is also used for the decks of See also:ships and for See also:port and See also:cabin See also:lights, as it is much stronger than See also:plain glass, and if fractured is held together by the wire. Patent prismatic rolled glass, or "refrax" (fig. 1), consists of an effectual application of the well-known properties of the See also:prism; it absorbs all the light that strikes the window opening, and diffuses it in the most efficient manner possible in the darkestportions of the apartment. It can be fixed in the See also:ordinary way or placed over the existing glass. See also:Pavement lights (fig. 2) and stallboard lights are constructed with iron frames in small squares and glazed with thick prismatic glass, and are used to light basements. They are placed on the pavement and under See also:shop fronts in the portion called the stallboard, and are also inserted in iron See also:coal plates. See also:Great skill has of See also:late years been displayed in the ornamentation of glass such as is seen in public saloons, restaurants, &c., as, for instance, in bevelling the edges, silvering, brilliant cutting, See also:embossing, bending, cutting shelving to See also:fancy shapes and polishing, and in glass ventilators. There are several patent methods of roof glazing, such as are applied to railway stations, studios and See also:printing and other factories requir- See also:ing light. Some of the first See also:patents of glazlag. this See also:kind were erected with wood glazing bars; these were unsightly, since they required to be of large sectional See also:area when spanning a distance of 7 or 8 ft., and also required to be constantly painted. This was a source of trouble; the roof was constantly leaking and, moreover, it was not fire-resisting. Of subsequent patents one includes the use of See also:steel T-bars, in which the glass is bedded and covered with a capping of copper or See also:zinc secured with bolts and nuts. Another employs steel bars covered with lead; and this is a very See also:good method, as the bars are of small See also:section, require no painting, and are also fire-resisting. There is one See also:reason for preferring wood to steel, namely, that wood does not expand and See also:contract like steel does. After the See also:sun has been on steel bars, especially those in See also:long lengths, they tend to See also:buckle and then when See also:cold contract, thus getting out of shape; there is also the possibility that when expanding they may break the glass. This is more noticeable in the case of iron ventilating frames in this glazing, which after having weathered for a See also:year or two will begin to get out of shape and so give trouble in opening and closing. Care should be taken not to fit the glass in iron bars tightly, but See also:Water See also:bar a good 8th in. play all round should be allowed. A few of the systems of patent roof glazing will be described in the following pages, together with illustrations. The See also:system of glazing known as the " British See also:Challenge " (fig. 3), with steel bars encased with a sheeting of 4-tb lead, is very See also:simple and durable, needs no painting, and can be fixed at as much as 8 ft. clear See also:bearings, with the bars spaced 2 ft. apart. The ends of the bars See also:rest on the wood or steel purlins or plates, and are either notched and screwed down, or simply fitted with a See also:bracket which is screwed. The bar is of T section with condensation grooves, and the lead wings on See also:top are turned down on to the glass after fitting. This lead-covered steel bar is a great improvement on the plain steel bar as it is entirely unaffected by See also:smoke, acids or exhaust fumes from See also:steam engines; this is important in the case of a railway station, where the FIG. 3.—" British F'IG.4.—Mellowes' fumes would otherwise Challenge " Glazing. Glazing. eat the steel away and so weaken the bars that in See also:time they would snap. Another somewhat similar system is known as " Mellowes' See also:Eclipse Roof Glazing " (fig. 4). It consists of steel T-bars having lead wings on top to turn on to the glass in a similar manner to the last, the top wings being See also:double and the underside of the bar having an additional wing to catch the condensation. The See also:Heywood See also:combination system (fig. 5) is composed of galvanized steel T-bars, sometimes encased in lead and sometimes partly encased. It has a capping and condensation gutters of lead, Varieties of glass. and the glass is bedded on See also:asbestos packing to get a better bearing edge, so as to be held more securely. See also:Hope's glazing is very similar, but the bars are either T or See also:cross according to the span. The " Perfection " glazing used by Messrs Helliwell & Co. (fig. 6) is composed of steel shaped T bars with copper capping, secured with bolts and nuts and having asbestos packing on top of the glass under the edges of the capping. Pennycook's glazing is composed of steel shaped T bars encased with lead and lead wings. Rendle's " Invincible " glazing (fig. 7) is composed of steel T bars with specially shaped copper water and condensation channels, all formed in the one piece and resting on top of the T steel ; the glass rests on the zinc channel, and a copper capping is fixed over the edges of the glass and secured with bolts and nuts. Deard's glazing is very similar, and is composed of T steel encased with lead ; it claims to See also:save all drilling for fixing to iron FIG. 6.-Helliwell's See also:roofs. There are also other systems See also:corn-" Perfection " Glazing. posed of wood bars with condensation See also:gutter and capping of copper secured with bolts and nuts, and asbestos packing with slight See also:differences in some See also:minor matters, but these systems are but little used. Cloisonn6 glass is a patent ornamental glass formed by placing two pieces See also:flat against each other enclosing a See also:species of glass See also:mosaic. Designs are worked and shaped in gilt wire and placed on one sheet of glass; the space between the wire is then filled in with coloured beads, and "Invincible" Glazing. It to keep them in position, and the edges of the glass are See also:bound with See also:linen, &c., to keep them firmly together. Glass is now used for decorative purposes, such as See also:wall tiling and ceilings; it is coloured and decorated in almost any shade use in and presents a very effective appearance. An invention building. has been patented for building houses entirely of glass; the walls are. constructed of blocks or bricks of opaque glass, the several walls being varied in thickness according to the constructional requirements. It is certainly true that daylight has much to do with the sanitary See also:condition of all buildings, and this being so the proper See also:distribution of daylight to a building is of the greatest possible importance, and must be effected by an ample See also:provision 'of windows judiciously arranged. The heads of all windows should be kept as near the See also:ceiling as possible, as well to obtain easy See also:ventilation as to ensure good See also:lighting. As far as is practicable a building should be planned so that each See also:room receives the sun's rays for some See also:part of the See also:day. This is rarely an easy See also:matter, especially in towns where the aspect of the building is out of the architect's hands. The best sites for light are found in streets See also:running See also:north and See also:south and See also:east and See also:west, and lighting areas or courts in buildings should always if possible be arranged on these lines. The task of adequately lighting lofty See also:city buildings has been greatly minimized by the introduction of many forms of reflecting and intensifying contrivances, which are used to deflect light into those apartments into which daylight does not directly penetrate, and which would otherwise require the use of artificial light to render them of any use; the most useful of these inventions are the various forms of prism glass already referred to and illustrated in this See also:article. See L. F. Day, Stained and Painted Glass; and W. Eckstein, Interior Lighting. (J. Additional information and CommentsThere are no comments yet for this article.
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