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CUNNINGHAM, WILLIAM (1805-1861)

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Originally appearing in Volume V07, Page 634 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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CUNNINGHAM, See also:WILLIAM (1805-1861) , Scottish theologian and ecclesiastic, was See also:born at See also:Hamilton, in See also:Lanarkshire, on the 2nd of See also:October 1805, and educated at the university of See also:Edinburgh. He was licensed to preach in 1828, and in 183o was ordained to a collegiate See also:charge in See also:Greenock, where he remained for three years. In 1834 he was transferred to the' charge of Trinity See also:College See also:parish, Edinburgh. His removal coincided with the commencement of the See also:period known in Scottish ecclesiastical See also:history as the Ten Years' Conflict, in which he was destined to take a leading See also:share. In the stormy discussions and controversies which preceded the Disruption the See also:weight and force of his See also:intellect, the keenness of his See also:logic, and his See also:firm grasp of principle made him one of the most powerful See also:advocates of the cause of spiritual See also:independence; and he has been generally recognized as one of three to whom mainly the existence of the See also:Free See also:Church is due, the others being See also:Chalmers and See also:Candlish. On the formation of the Free Church in 1843.Cunningham was appointed See also:professor of church history and divinity in the New College, Edinburgh, of which he became See also:principal in 1847 in See also:succession to See also:Thomas Chalmers. His career was very successful, his controversial sympathies combined with his evident See also:desire to be rigidly impartial qualifying him to be an interesting delineator of the more stirring periods of church history, and a skilful disentanglerof the knotty points in theological polemics. In 1859 he was appointed See also:moderator of the See also:General See also:Assembly. He had received the degree of D.D. from the university of See also:Princeton in 1842. He died on the 14th of See also:December 1861. He was one of the founders of the Evangelical See also:Alliance. A theological lectureship at the New College, Edinburgh, was endowed in 1862, to be known as the Cunningham lectureship.

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Life of Cunningham, by See also:Rainy and See also:Mackenzie, appeared in 1871. CUNNINGHAM, WILLIAM (1849- ), See also:English economist, was born at Edinburgh on the 29th of December 1849. Educated at Edinburgh See also:Academy and University and Trinity College, See also:Cambridge, he graduated 1st class in the Moral See also:Science tripos in 1873, and in the same See also:year took See also:holy orders. He was university lecturer in history from 1884 to 1891, in which year he was appointed professor of See also:economics at See also:King's College, See also:London, a See also:post which he held until 1897. He was lecturer in economic history at Harvard University (1899), and Hulsean lecturer at Cambridge (1885). He became See also:vicar of See also:Great St See also:Mary's, See also:Cam-See also:bridge, in 1887, and was made a See also:fellow of the See also:British Academy. In 1996 he was appointed See also:archdeacon of See also:Ely. Dr Cunningham's Growth of English See also:Industry and See also:Commerce during the See also:Early and See also:Middle Ages (189o; 4th ed., 19o5) and Growth of English Industry and Commerce in See also:Modern Times (1882; 3rd ed., 1903) are the See also:standard See also:works of reference on the See also:industrial history of See also:England. He also wrote The Use and Abuse of See also:Money (1891); See also:Alien See also:Immigration (1897); Western See also:Civilization in its Economic Aspect in See also:Ancient Times (1898), and in Modern Times (1900), and The Rise and Decline of Free See also:Trade (19o5). Dr Cunningham's See also:eminence as an economic historian gave See also:special importance to his attitude as one of the leading supporters of Mr See also:Chamberlain from 1903 onwards in criticizing the English free-trade policy and advocating See also:tariff reform.

End of Article: CUNNINGHAM, WILLIAM (1805-1861)

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