See also:

• MARATHI (properly Marathi)

As happened elsewhere in India, they retained their own Aryan See also:

• TONGUE (O. Eng. lunge)

It does not See also:

• MERGE

It has three genders, and the same elaborate are part of the essence of the language, apd not See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

Although it would be quite possible to See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

These The proportion of See also:

• PERSIAN
• PERSIAN, SYRIAN, EGYPTIAN AND TURKISH

' For the explanation of these terms see INDO-ARYAN LANGUAGES. 2 For details see Dr Sten Konow's article on Maharastri and ' Abbreviations: Skr. = Sanskrit. Pr. = Maharastri Prakrit. Marathi in Indian Antiquary (1903), xxxii. i8o seq. M. = Marathi. 672 to the See also:

• HEBREW

Very probably, although the distinction is not observed in See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

Thus, cand (tatsama), fierce; jama (Hindostani), collected; cikhal (M. tadbhava), mud. In other cases they are pronounced ts, tsh, dz, dzh respectively. Thus tsakar (for cakar), a servant; dzane (for jape), to go. There are two s-sounds in the standard dialect which are very similarly distinguished. .1', pronounced like an English sh, is used before i, i, e or y; and s, as in English " See also:

• SIN
• SIN (O. Eng. syn: a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zonde, Ger. Siinde)

Thus we have Skr. vrajati, Maharastri vaccai (instead of vajjai), he goes; Konkani votsu, to go; Saurasenigenhiduim,Maharastrighettum, to take; Marathi ghet°le, taken. There is similarly both in Marathi and Maharastri a laxness in distinguishing between cerebral and dental letters (which again reminds us of north-western India). Thus, Skr. dahati, Maharastri dasai, he bites; M. das°ixe to bite; Skr. dahati, Maharastri dahai, he See also:

• BURNS, JOHN (1858– )
• BURNS, ROBERT (1759-1796)
• BURNS, SIR GEORGE

The Skr. compound consonant jii is pronounced dny in the standard dialect, but gy in the Konkan. Thus, Skr. jnanain be-comes dnyan or gyan according to locality. Declension.—Marathi and Gujarati are the only Indo-Aryan languages which have retained the three genders, masculine, feminine and neuter, of Sanskrit and Prakrit. In rural dialects of Western Hindi and of Rajasthani sporadic instances of the neuter gender have survived, but elsewhere the only example occurs in the interrogative pronoun. In Marathi the neuter denotes not only inanimate things but also animate beings when both sexes are included, or when the See also:

• SEX (Lat. sexes; possibly connected with secure, to cut)

As a further See also:

• GUIDE (in Mid. Eng. gyde, from the Fr. guide; the earlier French form was guie, English " guy," the d was due to the Italian form guida; the ultimate origin is probably Teutonic, the word being connected with the base seen in O. Eng. witan, to know)

Sometimes the Skr. nom. sing. fem. of these nouns ends in i, but this makes no difference, as in Skr. and Pr. culli, M. cal, a fireplace. There is one important set of exceptions to this rule. In the article PRARRIT See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

While Maharastri Prakrit, like all others, passed through the Apabhram§a stage in the course of its development, the conservative character of the language retained even in that stage some of the old pure Maharastri forms. In the article PRAKRIT we have seen how there gradually arose a laxity in distinguishing the cases. In Maharastri the Sanskrit dative See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

Sing. Nom. Plur. Nom. Sing. Nom. Plur. Nom. Sing. Nom. Plur. Nom.

Sing. Nom. Plur. Weak form. kanno, karma khatta, khattao See also:

• CART (A.S. crcet, Gaelic cairt; connected with " car ")

Marathi. . . . ghoda ghodi ghode Several of the old synthetic cases have survived in Marathi, especially in the See also:

• ANTIQUE (Lat. antiquus, old)

Hence when it was intended to show clearly what particular case was meant, it became usual to add, to this indeterminate genitive, defining particles corresponding to the English " of," " to," " from," " by," &c., which, as in all Indo-Aryan languages they follow the main word, are called " postpositions." Before dealing with these, it will be convenient to give the modern Marathi synthetic declension of the commoner forms of nouns. The only synthetic case which is now employed in prose is the dative, and this can always be formed from the general oblique case by adding an s to the end of the word. It is therefore not given in the following table. The See also:

• ACCUSATIVE (Lat. accusativus, sc. casus, a translation of the Gr. aletartKI vrrwves, the case concerned with cause and effect, from atria, a cause)

Thus: malyatsa ghoda, the gardener's horse. malyace ghode, the gardener's horses. malyaci ghodi, the gardener's mare. malyacya ghodya, the gardener's mares. malyace ghode, the gardener's horse (neut.). malyaci ghoq, the gardener's horses (neut.). The suffix tsa, ci, ce, is derived from the Sanskrit suffix tyakas, Pr. cad, which is used in much the same sense. In Sanskrit it may be added either to the locative or to the unmodified base of the word to which it is attached, thus, ghOtake-tyakas or ghotaka-tyakas. Similarly in Marathi, while it is usually added to the general oblique base, it may also be added to the unmodified noun, in which case it has a more distinctly adjectival force. The use of tsa has been influenced by the fact that the Sanskrit word krtyas, Pr. kiccad, also takes the same form in Marathi. As explained in the article HINDOSTANI, synonyms of this word are used in other Indo-Aryan languages to form suffixes of the genitive.' Strong adjectives, including genitives, can be declined like substantives, and agree with the qualified noun in gender, number and case. When the substantive is in an oblique case, the adjective is put into the general oblique form without any defining postposition, which is added to the substantive alone. Weak adjectives are not inflected in modern prose, but are inflected in poetry. As in other Maharastri Prakrit. Apabhrarhsa.

Marathi. Sing. gharars gharu ghar Nominative. . Dative . . . gharassa (genitive) gharaho (genitive) gharas (dative) Locative ghare gharahi (–hi) ghari, ghara General oblique gharassa (genitive) gharaho (genitive) gharas, ghara Plur. gharairit gharai ghare Nominative Locative . . gharesu gharahi (–hi) ghari General oblique gharana (genitive) gharaha (genitive) ghara Masculine. Feminine. Neuter. Meaning. Ear. Horse. Gardener. Bed.

Fireplace. Mare. House. Horse. See also:

• PEARL
• PEARL, THE

We thus get the following complete modern declension of ghar, a house (neut.) : Sing. Plur. Nom. ghar ghare See also:

• ACE (derived through the Lat. as, from the Tarentine form of the Gr. etc)

This is also employed as an honorific pronoun of the second person, and, in addition, to mean " we including you." ha, this, fern. hi, neut. he; to, he, that, fern. ti, neut. te; dzo, who, fem. ji, neut. ye. kon, who? /say, what? obl. kasa; koni, any one; kaki, anything. In all these the plural is employed honorifically instead of the singular. Conjugation.—In Prakrit (q.v.) the complicated system of Sanskrit conjugation had already disappeared, and all verbs fell into two classes, the first, or a-, conjugation, and the second, or a-, conjugation, in which the e represents the aye of the Sanskrit tenth conjugation and of causal and denominative verbs. Marathi follows Prakrit in this respect and has two conjugations. The first, corresponding to the Prakrit a-class, as a rule consists of intransitive verbs, and the second, corresponding to the e- or causal class, of transitive verbs, but there are numerous exceptions. Verbs whose roots end in vowels or in h belong partly to one and partly to the other conjugation. These conjugations differ only in the present and past participles and in the tenses formed from them. Here, in the first conjugation an a, and in the second conjugation an i, is inserted between the base and the termination. The only original Prakrit tenses which have survived in Marathi are the present and the imperative. The present has lost its original meaning and is now a habitual past.

It is also the base of the Marathi future. These three tenses, the habitual past, the imperative and the future, are conjugated as follows. They should be compared with the corresponding forms in the article PRAKRIT. The verb selected is the See also:

• ROOT (late O.E. rot, adopted from Scand., cf. Norw. and Swed. rot, Dan. rod; the true O.E. word was wyrt, plant, represented in Ger. Wurz or Wurzel; the ultimate root is the same in both words, and is seen in Lat. radix)
• ROOT, ELIHU (1845– )

Sing. Plural. Sing. Plural. I uthe uthu uthzk uthk uthen uthu 2 uthes utha uth litho uth°/il uthal 3 uthe uthat utho uthot uthel uth°til As in Rajasthani, See also:

• BIHARI (properly Bih(iri)

. utthaniash uth°ne, the See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

In the present, the terminations are relics of the verb substantive, and in the other tenses of the personal pronouns. In these latter, as there is no pronoun of the third person, the third persons have no termination, but are subject: simply the unmodified participle. We thus get the present and the past conjugated as follows, with a masculine subject: Present, I rise. Past, I rose. I Singular. Plural. Singular. Plural. 2 3 uthato uth°to uth°lo utk°lo uth°tos uth°t¢ uth°See also:

• LAS

The subject must be put into the instrumental case, and the participle inflected to agree with the See also:

• OBJECT

The usual forms of the present and past of the verb substantive are: Present, I am. Past, I was (masc). Singular. Plural. Singular. Plural. I (the ahe hots hOt5 2 ahes alt- loos hot$ 3 dire ah et Kota hate The past changes for gender, but the present is immutable in this respect. Ahe is usually considered to be a descendant of the Sanskrit asmi, I am,' while hoto is derived from the Pr. homtao, the present participle of what corresponds to the Skr. root bhu, become. A potential passive and a causal are formed by adding av to the root of a simple verb. The former follows the first, or intransitive, and the latter the second or transitive conjugation. The potential passive of a neuter verb is necessarily construed impersonally. The causal verb denotes indirect agency; thus, kar°ni, to do, karav°ne, to cause a person to do; tyacya-kadun mya to karavile, I caused him to do that, literally, by-means-of-him by-me that was-caused-to-bedone.

The potential, being passive, has the subject in the dative (cf. Latin mihi est ludendum) or in the instrumental of the genitive, as in maid (dative), or majhyane (instr. of meidzha, of me), uth'vati, I can rise, literally, for-me, or by-my-(action), rising-can-be-done. So, Ramdla, or Ramacyane, pothi vac°vali, See also:

• RAM
• RAM, PIERRE FRANCOIS XAVIER DE (18o4-1865)

He and his followers taught devotion to a personal deity instead of the See also:

• PANTHEISM (Gr. 7rav, all, Oeos, god)

Another See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

See also:

• MOLESWORTH, MARY LOUISA (1839- )
• MOLESWORTH, ROBERT MOLESWORTH, 1ST VISCOUNT (1656-1725)
• MOLESWORTH, SIR WILLIAM, BART

R. Dalgado is the author of a Konkan-Portuguese Dictionary (Bombay, 1893). For further information regarding Marathi in general, see the See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

A full account of Marathi, given in great detail, will be found in vol. vii. of the Linguistic Survey of India (See also:

• CALCUTTA