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language, which is, in its turn, closely related to Kanarese. Tulu, Kodagu, Toda and Kota can be described as lying between Tamil-Malayalam and Kanarese, though they are more nearly related to the latter than to the former. The same is the See also:

case with KuruX and Malto, while Kui and Gondi gradually approach Telugu, which latter language seems to have branched off from the See also:

COMMON

common stock at an See also:

early date. Finally, the Brahui dialect of Baluchistan has been so much influenced by other languages that it is no longer a pure Dravidian See also:

FORM (Lat. forma)

form of speech. The Dravidian languages have for ages been restricted to the territory they occupy at the See also:

PRESENT

present See also:

day. Moreover, they are gradually losing ground in the north, where they meet with See also:

ARYAN

Aryan forms of speech. If we compare the See also:

CASTE (through the Fr. from Span. and Port. casta, lineage, Lat. cast us, pure)

caste tables and the language tables in the Indian census of 19o1 we find that only 1,125,479 out of the 2,286,913 Gonds returned were stated to speak the Dravidian Gondi. Similarly only 1505 out of 17,187 Kolams entered their language as KOIami. Such tribes are gradually becoming Hinduized. Their language adopts an ever-increasing Aryan See also:

ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element till it is quite superseded by Aryan speech. In the north-eastern See also:

PART

part of the Dravidian territory, to the east of See also:

CHANDA

Chanda and See also:

BHANDARA

Bhandara, the usual See also:

state of affairs is that Dravidian dialects are spoken in the hills while Aryan forms of speech prevail in the plains.

The Dravidian Kui thus stands out as an isolated See also:

ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island in the sea of Aryan speech. This See also:

PROCESS

process has been going on from See also:

time immemorial. The Dravidians were already settled in India when the See also:

ARYANS

Aryans arrived from the north-west. The See also:

FAIR

fair Aryans were at once struck by their dark See also:

hue, and named them accordingly krisna 'vac, the See also:

black skin. In the course of time, however, the two races began to mix, and it is still possible to trace a Dravidian element in the Aryan languages of North India. The teaching of See also:

ANTHROPOLOGY (Gr. avOpw1ror man, and Xoyos, theory or science)

anthropology is to the same effect. Most speakers of Dravidian languages belong to a distinct anthropological type which is known as the Dravidian. " The Dravidian See also:

RACE

race," says See also:

Sir H. Risley, "the most See also:

PRIMITIVE

primitive of the Indian types, occupies the See also:

OLDEST

oldest See also:

GEOLOGICAL

geological formation in India, the medley of See also:

FOREST

forest-clad ranges, terraced plateaus, and undulating plains which stretches, roughly speaking, from the Vindhyas to Cape See also:

COMORIN, CAPE

Comorin. On the east and west of the See also:

PENINSULAR

peninsular See also:

AREA

area the domain of the Dravidian is conterminous with the Ghats, in the different districts. A See also:

Greek x marks the sound of ch in " See also:

LOCH, HENRY BROUGHAM LOCH, 1ST BARON (1827-1900)

loch "; is the See also:

ENGLISH

English sh; c the ch in " See also:

church "; and ri is an r which is used as a vowel. In the See also:

list of Dravidian languages the names are spelt fully, with all the necessary diacritical marks, In the See also:

REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of the See also:

ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article dots under consonants have been omitted in these words.

while farther north it reaches on one See also:

side to the Aravallis and on the other to the Rajmahal hills." This territory is the proper See also:

home of the race. A strong Dravidian element can, however, also be traced in the See also:

POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population of northern India. In See also:

KASHMIR, or CASHMERE

Kashmir and See also:

PUNJAB

Punjab, where the Aryans had already settled in those prehistoric times when the Vedic See also:

HYMNS

hymns were composed, the prevailing type is the Aryan one. The same is the case in See also:

RAJPUTANA

Rajputana. From the eastern frontier of the Punjab, on the other See also:

hand, and eastwards, a Dravidian element can be traced. This is the case in the valleys of the Ganges and the See also:

JUMNA, or JAMUNA

Jumna, where the Aryans only settled at a later See also:

period. Anthropologists also state that there is a Dravidian element in the population of western India, from See also:

GUJARAT

Gujarat to See also:

COORG (an anglicized corruption of Kodagu, said to be derived from the Kanarese Kudu, " steep," " hilly ")

Coorg. It is thus probable that Dravidian languages have once been spoken in many tracts which are now occupied by Aryan forms of speech. The existence of a Dravidian dialect in Baluchistan seems to show that Dravidian settlers have once lived in those parts. The tribe in question, the Brahuis, are, however, now Eranians and not Dravidians by race, and it is not probable that there has ever been a numerous Dravidian population in Baluchistan. The Brahuis are most likely the descendants of settlers from the See also:

south. There is no indication that the Dravidians have entered India from outside or superseded an older population.

For all See also:

PRACTICAL

practical purposes they can accordingly be considered as the See also:

ABORIGINES

aborigines of the See also:

DECCAN (Sans. Dakshina, " the South ")

Deccan, whence they appear to have spread over part of northern India, Their languages from an isolated See also:

GROUP

group, and it has not been possible to prove a connexion with any other family of languages. Such attempts have been made with reference to the Munda family, the Tibeto-Burman languages, and the dialects spoken by the aborigines of the Australian See also:

CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

continent. The arguments adduced have not, however, proved to be sufficient, and only the Australian See also:

HYPOTHESIS (from Gr. inrorcOivat, to put under; cf. Lat. suppositio, from sub-ponere)

hypothesis can still See also:

lay claim to some See also:

PROBABILITY (Lat. probabilis, probable or credible)

probability. Till it has been more closely tested we must therefore consider the Dravidian family as an isolated group of languages, with several characteristic features of its own. The See also:

PRONUNCIATION (Lat. pronuntiatio, from pronuntiare, proclaim, announce, pronounce)

pronunciation is described as soft and mellifluous. Abruptness and hard combinations of sounds are avoided. There is, for example, a distinct tendency to avoid pronouncing a See also:

SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short consonant at the end of a word, a very short vowel being often added after it. Thus the pronoun of the third See also:

PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person singular, which is avan, " he," in Tamil, is pronounced avanu in Kanarese; the Sanskrit word vak, " speech," is borrowed in the form vaku in Tamil; the word gurram, " See also:

HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse," is commonly pronounced gurramu in Telugu, and so on. Combinations of consonants are further avoided in many cases where speakers of other languages do not experience any difficulty in pronouncing them. This tendency is well illustrated by the changes undergone by some borrowed words. Thus the Sanskrit word See also:

BRAHMANA

brahmana, " a Brahmin," becomes baramana in Kanarese and piramana in Tamil; the Sanskrit Dramida, " Dravidian," is borrowed by Tamil under the form Tiramida. Dramida, which also occurs as Dravida, is in its turn See also:

DEVELOPED

developed from an older Dami(a, which is identical with the word Tamir, Tamil.

The forms piramana and Tiramida in Tamil illustrate another feature of Dravidian enunciation. There is a tendency in all of them, and in Tamil and Malayalam it has become a See also:

law, against any word being permitted to begin with a stopped voiced consonant (g, j, d, d, b), the corresponding voiceless sounds (k, c, t, t, p, respectively) being substituted. In the See also:

MIDDLE

middle of a word or See also:

compound, on the other hand, every consonant must be voiced. Thus the Sanskrit word danta, " tooth," has been borrowed by Tamil in the form tandam, and the Telugu See also:

anna, " See also:

elder See also:

BROTHER

brother," tammulu, " younger brother," become when compounded annadammulu, " elder and younger See also:

BROTHERS, RICHARD (1757-1824)

brothers." There is no strongly marked See also:

ACCENT

accent on any one syllable, though there is a slight stress upon the first one. In some dialects this See also:

EQUILIBRIUM (from the Lat. aequus, equal, and libra, a balance)

equilibrium between the different parts of a word is accompanied by a tendency to approach to each other the sound of vowels in consecutive syllables. This tendency, which has been called the " law of See also:

HARMONIC

harmonic sequence," is most apparent in Telugu, where the short u of certain suffixes is replaced by i when the preceding syllable contains one of the vowels i (short and long) and ei. Compare the See also:

DATIVE (Lat. dativus, giving or given, from dare, to give)

dative suffix ku, ki, in gurramu-ku, " to a horse "; but tammuni-ki, " to a younger brother." This tendency does not, however, See also:

PLAY

play a prominent role in the Dravidian languages. Words are formed from roots and bases by means of suffixed formative additions. The See also:

root itself generally remains unchanged throughout. Thus from the Tamil See also:

BASE

base per, " See also:

GREAT

great," we can form adjectives such as per-iya and per-um, " great "; verbs such See also:

asper-u-gu, " to become increased "; per-u-kku, " to cause to increase," and so on. Many bases can be used at will as nouns, as adjectives, and as verbs. Thus the Tamil kadu can mean ' sharpness," ' See also:

sharp," and " to be sharp." Other bases are of course more restricted in their respective See also:

SPHERES, MUSIC OF THE

spheres.

The inflection of words is effected by See also:

AGGLUTINATION (Lat. ad, and gluten, glutinare, literally to fasten together with glue)

agglutination, i.e. various additions are suffixed to the base in See also:

order to form what we would See also:

CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call cases and tenses. Such additions have probably once been See also:

SEPARATE

separate words. Most of them are, however, now only used as suffixes. Thus from the Tamil base kon, " See also:

king," we can form an See also:

ACCUSATIVE (Lat. accusativus, sc. casus, a translation of the Gr. aletartKI vrrwves, the case concerned with cause and effect, from atria, a cause)

accusative Mn-el, a verb kon-en, " I am king," and so on. Dravidian nouns are divided into two classes, which Tamil grammarians called high-caste and casteless respectively. The former includes those nouns which denote beings endowed with See also:

REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason, the latter all others. Gender is only distinguished in the former class, while all casteless nouns are neuter. The gender of animals (which are irrational) must accordingly be distinguished by using different words for the male and the See also:

FEMALE

female, or else by adding words meaning male, female, respectively, to the name of the animal—processes which do not, strictly speaking, fall under the See also:

head of See also:

GRAMMAR (from Lat. grammatica, sc. ars; Gr. ypaµ)

grammar. There are two See also:

numbers, the singular and the plural. The latter is formed by adding suffixes. It, however, often remains unmarked in the case of casteless nouns. Cases are formed by adding postpositions and suffixes, usually to a modified form of the noun which is commonly called the oblique base.

Thus we have the Tamil maram, " See also:

tree "; maratt-al, " from a tree "; maratt-u-kku, " to a tree "; vidu, "a See also:

house "; vitt-al, " from a house." The case terminations are the same in the singular and in the plural. The genitive, which precedes the governing noun, is often identical with the oblique base, or else it is formed by adding suffixes. The See also:

NUMERAL (from Lat. numerus, a number)

numeral See also:

SYSTEM

system is decimal and higher numbers are counted in tens; thus Tamil pattu, " ten "; iru-badu, " two tens," " twenty." The See also:

PERSONAL

personal pronoun of the first person in most dialects has a See also:

double form in the plural, one including and the other excluding the person addressed. Thus, Tamil neon, ' we," i.e. I and you ; nangal, ` we," i.e. I and they. There is no relative pronoun. Relative clauses are effected by using relative participles. Thus in Telugu the See also:

SENTENCE (Lat. sententia, a way of thinking, opinion, judgment; vote, sentire, to feel, think)

sentence " the See also:

BOOK

book which you gave to me " must be translated miru naku iccina pustakamu, i.e. " you me-to given book." There are several such participles in use. Thus from the Telugu verb kotta, " to strike," are formed kott-ut-See also:

UNNA

unna, " that strikes," kott-i-na, ` that struck," kotte, " that would strike," " that usually strikes." By adding pronouns, or the terminations of pronouns, to such forms, nouns are derived which denote the person who performs the See also:

ACTION

action. Thus from Telugu kotte and vadu, " he," is formed kotte--vadu, " one who usually strikes." Such forms are used as See also:

ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary verbs, and the usual verbal forms of Dravidian languages can broadly be described as such nouns of agency.

Thus, the Telugu, kottinadu, " he struck," can be translated literally " a striker in the past." Verbal tenses distinguish the person and number of the subject by adding abbreviated forms of the personal pronouns. Thus in Kanarese we have madid-mu, " I did "; madid-i, " See also:

thou didst "; madid-evu, " we did "• madid-aru, " they did." One of the most characteristic features of the Dravidian verb is the existence of a separate negative conjugation. It usually has only one tense and is formed by adding the personal terminations to a negative base. Thus, Kanarese mad-enu, " I did not "; madevu, " we did not "; mad-aru, " they did not." "+ The vocabulary has adopted numerous Aryan See also:

LOAN (adapted from the Scandinavian form of a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Swed. Mn, Icel. lan, Dut. leen; the O.E. laen appears in " lend," the ultimate source is seen in the root of Gr. Xeiaecv and Lat. linquere, to leave)

loan-words. This was a necessary consequence of the early connexion with the See also:

SUPERIOR

superior Aryan See also:

CIVILIZATION

civilization. The oldest Dravidian literature is largely indebted to the Aryans, though it goes back to a very early date. Tamil, Malayalam, Kanarese and Telugu are the principal See also:

LITERARY

literary languages. The language of literature in all of them differs considerably from the colloquial. The oldest known specimen of a Dravidian language occurs in a Greek play which is preserved in a See also:

PAPYRUS

papyrus of the 2nd See also:

CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century A.D. The exact period to which the indigenous literature can be traced back, on the other hand, has not been fixed with certainty. BIBLtoGaArxY.-See also:

Bishop R. Caldwell, A See also:

COMPARATIVE

Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian or South-Indian Family of Languages (See also:

LONDON

London, 1856; 2nd edition, 1875) ; Dr See also:

FRIEDRICH, JOHANN (1836— )

Friedrich See also:

Muller, Reise der Osterreichischen Fregatte See also:

NOVARA

Novara um See also:

die Erde in den Jahren 1857, 1858, 1859, unter den Bef&hlen See also:

des See also:

COMMODORE (a form of " commander"; in the 17th century the term " commandore " is used)

Commodore B. von Wiillerstorff Urbair: Linguistischer Theil.

(Wien, 1867, pp. 73 and ff.) ; Dr Friedrich Muller, Grundriss der Sprachwissenschaft, vol. iii. (Wien, 1884), pp. 106 and ff. ; G. A. Grierson, Linguistic Survey of India, vol. iv. " Munda and Dravidian Languages " (See also:

CALCUTTA

Calcutta, 1906), pp. 277 and if., by Sten Konow. . (S.

End of Article: DRAVIDIAN (Sanskrit Dravida)

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