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GOA , the name of the past and See also:present capitals of Portuguese See also:India, and of the surrounding territory more exactly described as Goa See also:settlement, which is situated on the western See also:coast of India, between 15° 44' and 14° 53' N., and between 730 45' and 740 26' E. Pop. (1900) 475,513, See also:area 1301 sq. m. Goa Settlement.—With See also:Damaun (q.v.) and See also:Diu (q.v.) Goa settlement forms a single administrative See also:province ruled by a See also:governor-See also:general, and a single ecclesiastical province subject to the See also:archbishop of Goa; for judicial purposes the province includes See also:Macao in See also:China, and See also:Timor in the See also:Malay See also:Archipelago. It is bounded on the N. by the See also:river Terakhul or Araundem, which divides it from the See also:Sawantwari See also:state, E. by the Western See also:Ghats, S. by See also:Kanara See also:district, and W. by the Arabian See also:Sea. It comprises the three districts of Ilhas, Bardez and See also:Salsette, conquered See also:early in the 16th See also:century and therefore known as the Velhas Conquistas (Old Conquests), seven districts acquired later and known as the Novas Conquistas, and the See also:island of Anjidiv or Anjadiva. The settlement, which has a coast-See also:line of 62 m., is a hilly region, especially the Novas Conquistas; its distinguishing features are the Western Ghats, though the highest summits nowhere reach an See also:altitude of 4000 ft., and the island of Goa; Numerous See also:short but navigable See also:rivers See also:water the lowlands skirting the coast. The two largest rivers are the Mandavi and the Juari, which together encircle the island of Goa (Ilhas), being connected on the landward See also:side by a See also:creek. The island (native name Tisvadi, Tissuvaddy, Tissuary) is a triangular territory, the See also:apex of which, called the cabo or cape, is a rocky headland separating the See also:harbour of Goa into two anchorages—Agoada or Aguada at the mouth of the Mandavi, on the See also:north, and Mormugao or Marmagao at the mouth of the Juari, on the See also:south. The See also:northern haven is exposed to the full force of the south-See also:west See also:monsoon, and is liable to silt up during the rains. The See also:southern, sheltered by the promontory of Salsette, is always open, but is less used, owing to its greater distance from the See also:city of Goa, which is built on the island. A railway connects Mormagao, south of the Juari See also:estuary, with See also:Castle See also:Rock on the ,aeanY ~_C sk . See also: The See also:chief surviving buildings are the See also:cathedral, founded by See also:Albuquerque in 1511 to commemorate his entry into Goa on St See also:Catherine's See also:day 1510, and rebuilt in 1623, and still used for public See also:worship; the See also:convent of St See also:Francis (1517), a converted See also:mosque rebuilt in 1661, with a portal of carved black See also: It was easily defensible by any power with command of the sea, as the encircling rivers could only be forded at one spot, and had been deliberately stocked with crocodiles. It was attacked on the loth of See also:February 1510 by the Portuguese under Albuquerque. As a Hindu ascetic had foretold its downfall and the See also:garrison of See also:Ottoman mercenaries was outnumbered, the city surrendered without a struggle, and Albuquerque entered it in See also:triumph, while the Hindu townsfolk strewed filagree See also:flowers of See also:gold and See also:silver before his feet. Three months later Yusuf Adil Shah returned with 6o,000 troops, forced the passage of tl e See also:ford, and blockaded the Portuguese in their ships from May to See also:August, when the cessation of the monsoon enabled them to put to sea. In See also:November Albuquerque returned with a larger force, and after overcoming a desperate resistance, recaptured the city, permitted his soldiers to See also:plunder it for three days, and massacred the entire Mahommedan See also:population. Goa was the first territorial See also:possession of the Portuguese inAsia. Albuquerque intended it to be a See also:colony and a See also:naval See also:base, as distinct from the fortified factories which had been established in certain See also:Indian seaports. He encouraged his men to marry native See also:women, and to See also:settle in Goa as farmers, See also:retail traders or artisans. These married men soon became a privileged See also:caste, and Goa acquired a large See also:Eurasian population. Albuquerque and his successors left almost untouched the customs and constitutions of the 30 See also:village communities on the island, only abolishing the rite of See also:suttee. A See also:register of these customs (See also:Focal de usos e costumes) was published in 1526, and is an See also:historical document of much value; an abstract of it is given in R. S. Whiteway's Rise of the Portuguese See also:Empire in India (See also:London, 1898). Goa became the capital of the whole Portuguese empire in the See also:East. It was granted the same civic privileges as See also:Lisbon. Its See also:senate or municipal chamber maintained See also:direct communications with the king and paid a See also:special representative to attend to its interests at See also:court. In 1563 the governor even proposed to make Goa the seat of a See also:parliament, in which all parts of the Portuguese east were to be represented; this was vetoed by the king. In 1542 St Francis Xavier mentions the architectural splendour of the city; but it reached the See also:climax of its prosperity between 1575 and 1625. Goa Dourada, or See also:Golden Goa, was then the wonder of all travellers, and there was a Portuguese See also:proverb, " He who has seen Goa need not see Lisbon." Merchandise from all parts of the East was displayed in its See also:bazaar, and See also:separate streets were set aside for the See also:sale of different classes of goods—Bahrein pearls and See also:coral, See also:Chinese See also:porcelain and See also:silk, Portuguese See also:velvet and piece-goods, drugs and spices from the Malay Archipelago. In the See also:main See also:street slaves were sold by See also:auction. The houses of the See also:rich were surrounded by gardens and palm groves; they were built of stone and painted red or white. Instead of See also:glass, their balconied windows had thin polished See also:oyster-shells set in lattice-See also:work. The social See also:life of Goa was brilliant, as befitted the headquarters of the viceregal court, the See also:army and See also:navy, and the church; but the luxury and ostentation of all classes had become a byword before the end of the 16th century. Almost all See also:manual labour was done by slaves; See also:common soldiers assumed high-See also:sounding titles, and it was even customary for the poor noblemen who congregated together in boarding-houses to subscribe for a few silken cloaks, a silken See also:umbrella and a common See also:man-servant, so that each could take his turn to See also:promenade the streets, fashionably attired and with a proper escort. There were huge gambling saloons, licensed by the See also:municipality, where determined players lodged for See also:weeks together; and every See also:form of See also:vice, except See also:drunkenness, was practised by both sexes, although See also:European women were forced to See also:lead a See also:kind of See also:zenana life, and never ventured unveiled into the streets; they even attended at church in their palanquins, so as to avoid observation. The See also:appearance of the Dutch in Indian See also:waters was followed by the See also:gradual ruin of Goa. In 1603 and 1639 the city was blockaded by Dutch fleets, though never captured, and in 1635 it was ravaged by an epidemic. Its trade was gradually monopolized by the Jesuits. Thevenot in 1666, Baldaeus in 1672, Fryer in 1675 describe its ever-increasing poverty and decay. In 1683 only the timely appearance of a See also:Mogul army saved it from See also:capture by a See also:horde of Mahratta raiders, and in 1739 the whole territory was attacked by the same enemies, and only saved by the unexpected arrival of a new viceroy with a See also:fleet. This peril was always imminent until 1759, when a See also:peace with the See also:Mahrattas was concluded. In the same See also:year the proposal to remove the seat of See also:government to Panjim was carried out; it had been discussed as early as 1684. Between 1695 and 1775 the population dwindled from 20,000 to 1600, and in 1835 Goa was only inhabited by a few priests, monks and nuns. Ecclesiastical History.—Some Dominican friars came out to Goa in 151o, but no large missionary enterprise was undertaken before the arrival of the See also:Franciscans in 1517. From their See also:head-quarters in Goa the Franciscan preachers visited many parts of western India, and even journeyed to See also:Ceylon, See also:Pegu and the Malay Archipelago. For nearly twenty-five years they carried on the work of evangelization almost alone, with such success that in 1534 See also:Pope Paul III. made Goa a bishopric, with spiritual See also:jurisdiction over all Portuguese possessions between China and the Cape of See also:Good See also:Hope, though itself See also:suffragan to the archbishopric of See also:Funchal in See also:Madeira. A Franciscan See also:friar, Joao de Albuquerque, came to Goa as its first See also:bishop in 1538. In 1542 St Francis Xavier came to Goa, and took over the Franciscan college of See also:Santa Fe, for the training of native missionaries; this was re-named the College of St Paul, and became the headquarters of all Jesuit See also:missions in the East, where the Jesuits were commonly styled Paulistas. By a See also:Bull dated the 4th of February 1557 Goa was made an archbishopric, with jurisdiction over the See also:sees of Malacca and See also:Cochin, to which were added Macao (1575), See also:Japan (1588), Angamale or Cranganore (1600), Meliapur (Mylapur) (16o6), See also:Peking and See also:Nanking (161o), together with the bishopric of See also:Mozambique, which included the entire coast of East See also:Africa. In 1606 the archbishop received the See also:title of See also:Primate of the East, and the king of Portugal was named See also:Patron of the See also:Catholic Missions in the East; his right of patronage was limited by the See also:Concordat of 1857 to Goa, Malacca, Macao and certain parts of See also:British India. The See also:Inquisition was introduced into Goa in 156o : a vivid See also:account of its proceedings is given by C. Dellon, Relation de l'inquisition de Goa (1688). Five ecclesiastical See also:councils, which dealt with matters of discipline, were held at , Goa—in 1567, 1575, 1585, 1592 and ,6o6; the archbishop of Goa also presided over the more important See also:synod of Diamper (Udayamperur, about 12 M. S.E. of Cochin), which in 1599 condemned as heretical the tenets and See also:liturgy of the Indian See also:Nestorians, or Christians of St See also: Additional information and CommentsThere are no comments yet for this article.
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