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trade suffered much from the rivalry of the Portuguese, and in the disturbances of the 18th century it almost entirely disappeared. In consequence of piracy, the whole coast-See also:

LINE

line (including the See also:

PORT

port of Vengurla) was ceded to the See also:

BRITISH

British in 1812. SAW-See also:

FLY (formed on the root of the supposed original Tent. fleugan, to fly)

FLY, the name given to the members of a well-known subdivision (Symphyta) of the See also:

Hymenoptera characterized by possessing a sessile See also:

ABDOMEN (a Latin word, either from abdere, to hide, or from a form adipomen, from adeps, fat)

abdomen which hides the See also:

BASE

base of the posterior legs. The antennae vary in their structure and in the number of their See also:

JOINTS

joints. Two of the processes of the ovipositor are modified to See also:

FORM (Lat. forma)

form saws, which when at See also:

REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest See also:

lie in a sheath formed of two other processes which are modified into protective structures or valves. The larvae are usually caterpillars, but may be distinguished from the caterpillars of See also:

LEPIDOPTERA (Gr. ?emir, a scale or husk, and 7rrepov, a wing)

Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies) by the greater number of their abdominal See also:

pro-legs; usually 6 to 8 pairs are See also:

PRESENT

present. When alarmed they See also:

roll themselves up in a See also:

SPIRAL

spiral See also:

FASHION (adapted from Fr. facon, agon, Lat. factio, making, facere, to do or make)

fashion; some also See also:

DISCHARGE (adapted from the O. Fr. discharge, modern decharge, from a med. Lat. discargare, to unload, dis- and earn care, to load, cf. " charge ")

discharge a thin fluid from lateral pores A situated above the See also:

TURNIP

Turnip Saw-Fly (Athalia spinarum). Saw-spiracle s. The Fly (magnified, with lines to See also:

LEFT

left showing natural See also:

FEMALES

females See also:

PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place See also:

SIZE

size), caterpillars, pupa and pupa-See also:

case. their eggs in small incisions made by means of their saws in the soft parts of leaves.

Usually one See also:

egg is placed in each slit. Some See also:

SPECIES

species merely attach their eggs in strings to the exterior of the leaves. With each incision a drop of fluid is usually excreted, which serves to excite a flow of See also:

sap to the wounded See also:

PART

part. The egg is said to absorb this sap, and so to increase in size. One genus (Nematus) alone forms See also:

GALLS

galls. These occur in the See also:

young leaves of the See also:

WILLOW (Salix)

willow, a See also:

tree which the true See also:

gall-flies do not attack. Nematus ventricosus resembles the bees and wasps in the fact that the parthenogenetic ova produce only See also:

MALES

males; as a See also:

RULE

rule in the See also:

animal See also:

KINGDOM

kingdom the See also:

ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence of fertilization results in the See also:

PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production of females. The injury which the saw-flies inflict upon crops or young trees is almost entirely brought about by the voracious habits of the larvae. These possess well-See also:

DEVELOPED

developed mouth-appendages, by means of which they gnaw their way out of the See also:

LEAF (O. Eng. leaf, cf. Dutch loof, Ger. Laub, Swed. lof, &c.; possibly to be referred to the root seen in Gr. Ma-eta, to peel, strip)

leaf in which they have been hatched, and then eat it. In this way the turnip saw-fly (Athalia spinarum), not to be confused with the turnip" fly," a See also:

BEETLE (O. Eng. bityl; connected with " bite ")

beetle (Phyllotreta nemorum) , attacks the leaves of the turnip, often completely consuming the leafage of acres at a See also:

time. The See also:

PINE (Lat. Pinus, Gr. srlrur)

pine saw-fly (Lophyrus pins) causes great damage to plantations of young Scotch firs, devouring the buds, the leaves and even the bark of the young shoots. Other species infest See also:

CURRANT

currant and See also:

GOOSEBERRY

gooseberry bushes, consuming the soft parts of the leaves, and leaving only the tough See also:

VEINS

veins.

The only remedy in most cases is to collect and kill the larvae when they first appear, or to spray the See also:

PLANTS

plants with some arsenical See also:

WASH, THE

wash. The best known family of saw-flies is that of the Tenthredinidae, most of whose caterpillars feed on leaves. The larvae of other famines--the Cephidae and ,Siricidae--are See also:

INTERNAL

internal feeders, burrowing in succulent II or woody stems, and their limbs are in an extremely reduced See also:

CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition.

End of Article: SAWANTWARI, or SAVANTVADI

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