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See also:HALES, See also:STEPHEN (1677-1761) , See also:English physiologist, chemist and inventor, was See also:born at Bekesbourne in See also:Kent on the 7th or 17th of See also:September 1677, the fifth (or See also:sixth) son of See also:- THOMAS
- THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
- THOMAS (d. 110o)
- THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
- THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
- THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
- THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
- THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
- THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
- THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
- THOMAS, ST
- THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
- THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)
Thomas Hales, whose See also:father, See also:Sir See also:Robert Hales, was created a See also:baronet by See also:Charles II. in 1670. In See also:June 1696 he was entered as a pensioner of Benet (now Corpus Christi) See also:College, See also:Cambridge, with the view of taking See also:holy orders, and in See also:February 1703 was admitted to a fellowship. He received the degree of See also:master of arts in 1703 and of See also:bachelor of divinity i_i 1711. One of his most intimate See also:friends was See also:- WILLIAM
- WILLIAM (1143-1214)
- WILLIAM (1227-1256)
- WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
- WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
- WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
- WILLIAM, 13TH
William See also:Stukeley (1687-1765) with whom he studied See also:anatomy, See also:chemistry, &c. In 1708-1709 Hales was presented to the perpetual curacy of See also:Teddington in See also:Middlesex, where he remained all his See also:life, notwithstanding that he was subsequently appointed See also:rector of Porlock in See also:Somerset, and later of See also:Faringdon in See also:Hampshire. In 1717 he was elected See also:fellow of the Royal Society, which awarded him the See also:Copley See also:medal in 1739. In 1732 he was named one of a See also:committee for establishing a See also:colony in See also:Georgia, and the next See also:year he received the degree of See also:doctor of divinity from See also:- OXFORD
- OXFORD, EARLS OF
- OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
- OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
- OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
- OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
- OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST
Oxford. He was appointed See also:almoner to the princess-See also:dowager of See also:Wales in 1750. On the See also:death of Sir Hans See also:Sloane in 1753, Hales was chosen See also:foreign See also:associate of the See also:French See also:Academy of Sciences. He died at Teddington on the 4th of See also:January 1761.
Hales is best known for his Statical Essays. The first See also:volume, See also:Vegetable Staticks (1727), contains an See also:account of numerous experiments in plant-See also:physiology—the loss of See also:water in See also:plants by evaporation, the See also:rate of growth of shoots and leaves, See also:variations in See also:root-force at different times of the See also:day, &c. Considering it very probable that plants draw " through their leaves some See also:part of their nourishment from the See also:air," he undertook experiments to show in " how See also:great a proportion air is wrought into the See also:composition of See also:animal, vegetable and See also:mineral substances "; though this " See also:analysis of the air " did not See also:lead him to any very clear ideas about the composition of the See also:atmosphere, in the course of his inquiries he collected gases over water in vessels See also:separate from those in which they were generated, and thus used what was to all intents and purposes a " pneumatic trough." The second volume (1733) on Haemostaticks, containing experiments
on the " force of the See also:blood " in various animals, its rate of flow, the capacity of the different vessels, &c., entitles him to be regarded as one of the originators of experimental physiology. But he did not confine his See also:attention to abstract inquiries. The quest of a solvent for calculus in the See also:bladder and kidneys was pursued by him as by others at the See also:period, and he devised a See also:form of forceps which, on the testimony of See also:John Ranby (1703-1773), sergeant-surgeon to See also:George II., extracted stones with " great ease and readiness." His observations of the evil effect of vitiated air caused him to devise a " ventilator " (a modified See also:organ-See also:bellows) by which fresh air could be conveyed into gaols, hospitals, See also:ships'-holds, &c.; this apparatus was successful in reducing the mortality in the See also:Savoy See also:prison, and it was introduced into See also:France by the aid of H. L. See also:Duhamel du Monceau. Among other things Hales invented a " See also:sea-See also:gauge " for See also:sounding, and processes for distilling fresh from sea water, for preserving See also:corn from weevils by See also:fumigation with See also:brimstone, and for salting animals whole by passing brine into their See also:arteries. His Admonition to the Drinkers of See also:Gin, See also:Brandy, &c., published anonymously in 1734, has been several times reprinted.
End of Article: HALES, STEPHEN (1677-1761)
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