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See also:BACHELOR (from Med. See also:Lat. baccalarius, with its See also:late and rare variant baccalaris—cf. Ital. baccalare—through O. Fr. bacheler) , in the most See also:general sense of the word, a See also:young See also:man. The word, however, as it possesses several widely distinct applications, has passed through many meanings, and its ultimate origin is still involved in a certain amount of obscurity. The derivation from Welsh back, little, is mentioned as " possible " by See also:Skeat (Etymological See also:Dictionary), but is "definitely discarded" by the New See also:English Dictionary, and that given here is suggested as probable. The word baccalarius was applied to the See also:tenant of a baccalaria (from baccalia, a See also:herd of cows, bacca being a See also:Low Latin variant of vacca), which was presumably at first a grazing See also:farm and was practically the same as a vaselleria, i.e. the See also:fief of a sub-See also:vassal. Just, however, as the See also:character and the See also:size of the baccalaria varied in different ages, so the word baccalarius changed its significance; thus in the 8th See also:century it was applied to the rustici, whether men or See also:women (baccalariae), who worked for the tenant of a nzansus. Throughout all its meanings the word has retained the See also:idea of subordination suggested in this origin. Thus it came to be applied to various categories of persons as follows.—(1) Ecclesiastics of an inferior grade, e.g. young monks or even recently appointed canons (Severtius, de episcopis Lugdunensibus, p. 377, in du Cange). (2) Those belonging to the lowest See also:stage of See also:knighthood. Knights bachelors were either poor vassals who could not afford to take the See also:- FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
- FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
- FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
- FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
- FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
- FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
- FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
- FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
- FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
- FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
- FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)
field under their own banner, or knights too young to support the responsibility and dignity of knights bannerets (see KNIGHTHOOD AND See also:CHIVALRY). (3) Those holding the preliminary degree of a university, enabling them to proceed to that of See also:master (magister) which alone entitled them to See also:teach. In this sense the word baccalarius or baccalaureu3 first appears at the university of See also:Paris in the 13th century, in the See also:system. of degrees established under the auspices of See also:Pope See also:- GREGORY
- GREGORY (Gregorius)
- GREGORY (Grigorii) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1734-1783)
- GREGORY, EDWARD JOHN (1850-19o9)
- GREGORY, OLINTHUS GILBERT (1774—1841)
- GREGORY, ST (c. 213-C. 270)
- GREGORY, ST, OF NAZIANZUS (329–389)
- GREGORY, ST, OF NYSSA (c.331—c. 396)
- GREGORY, ST, OF TOURS (538-594)
Gregory IX., as applied to scholars still in statu pupillari. Thus there were two classes of baccalarii: the baccalarii cursores,i.e. theological candidates passed for See also:admission to the divinity course, and the baccalarii dispositi, who, having completed thiscourse, were entitled to proceed to the higher degrees. In See also:modern See also:universities the significance of the degree of bachelor, in relation to the others, varies; e.g. at See also:- OXFORD
- OXFORD, EARLS OF
- OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
- OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
- OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
- OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
- OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST
Oxford and See also:Cambridge the bachelor can proceed to his mastership by simply retaining his name on the books and paying certain fees; at other universities a further examination is still necessary. But in no See also:case is the bachelor a full member of the university. The degree of bachelor (of arts, &c.) is See also:borne by women also. (4) The younger or inferior members of a See also:trade gild or See also:city See also:company, otherwise known as "yeomen " (now obsolete). (5) Unmarried men, since these presumably have their fortunes yet to make and are not full citizens. The word bachelor, now confined to men in this See also:connotation, was formerly sometimes used of women also.
Bachelors, in the' sense of unmarried men, have in many countries been subjected to penal See also:laws. At See also:Sparta, citizens who remained unmarried after a certain See also:age suffered various penalties. They were not allowed to See also:witness the gymnastic exercises of the maidens; and during See also:winter they were compelled to See also:march naked See also:round the See also:market-See also:place, singing a See also:song composed against them-selves and expressing the See also:justice of their See also:punishment. The usual respect of the young to the old was not paid to bachelors (See also:Plot. See also:Lye. 15). At See also:Athens there was no definite legislation on this See also:matter; but certain See also:minor laws are evidently dictated by a spirit akin to the Spartan See also:doctrine (see See also:Schomann, Gr. Alterth. i. 548). At See also:Rome, though there appear traces of some earlier legislation in the.matter, the first clearly known See also:law is that called the Lex Julia, passed about 18 B.C. It does not appear to have ever come into full operation; and in A.D. 9 it was incorporated with the Lex Papia et Poppaea, the two laws being frequently cited as one, Lex Julia et Papia Poppaea. This law, while restricting marriages between the several classes of the See also:people, laid heavy penalties on unmarried persons, gave certain privileges to those citizens who had several See also:children, and finally imposed lighter penalties on married persons who were childless. Isolated instances of such penalties occur during the See also:middle ages, e.g. by a See also:charter of liberties granted by See also:Matilda I., countess of See also:Nevers, to See also:Auxerre in 1223, an See also:annual tax of five solidi is imposed on any man qui non ha See also:bet uxorem et est bachelarius. In See also:Britain there has been no See also:direct legislation bearing on bachelors; but, occasionally, taxes have been made to See also:bear more heavily on them than on others. Instances of this are the See also:act (6 and 7 Will. III.) passed in 1695; the tax on servants, 1785; and the income tax, 1798.
End of Article: BACHELOR (from Med. Lat. baccalarius, with its late and rare variant baccalaris—cf. Ital. baccalare—through O. Fr. bacheler)
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