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LUCKNOW

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Originally appearing in Volume V17, Page 106 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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LUCKNOW , a See also:

city, See also:district and See also:division of See also:British See also:India. The city was the See also:capital of Oudh from 1775 until it was merged in the See also:United Provinces in 1901. Pop. (1901) 264,049. It lies mainly on the right See also:bank of the winding See also:river See also:Gumti, which is crossed by two railway and three road See also:bridges. It contains the See also:Canning See also:college (1864), with an See also:Oriental See also:department, and La Martiniere college, where about See also:loo boys are educated, the institution being in See also:part supported by an endowment See also:left by See also:General See also:Claude See also:Martin in r800. There are native manufactures of See also:gold and See also:silver See also:brocade, muslins, See also:embroidery, See also:brass and See also:copper wares, pottery and moulding in See also:clay. There are also important See also:European See also:industrial establishments, such as See also:iron-See also:works and See also:paper-See also:mills. Lucknow is the centre of the Oudh and See also:Rohilkhand railway See also:system, with large workshops. Lines radiate to See also:Cawnpore, See also:Bareilly, See also:Gonda, See also:Fyzabad and See also:Rae Bareli. Lucknow is the headquarters of the 8th division of the See also:northern See also:army. The cantonments are situated 3 M.

E. of the city. Lucknow is chiefly notable in the See also:

history of British India as the capital of the nawabs who had dealings with See also:Warren See also:Hastings, and their successors the See also:kings of Oudh, whose deposition by See also:Lord See also:Dalhousie was one of the See also:chief causes of the See also:Mutiny. Amongst the events of the Mutiny the See also:defence of the residency of Lucknow comes only second in historic See also:interest to the See also:massacre at Cawnpore itself. For the two sieges, see See also:INDIAN MUTINY. The name of the residency is now applied not only to the residency itself, but to the whole of the outbuildings and entrenchments in which See also:Sir See also:Henry See also:Lawrence concentrated his small force. These entrenchments covered almost 6o acres of ground, and consisted of a number of detached houses, public edifices, outhouses and casual buildings, netted together, and welded by ditches, parapets, stockades and batteries into one connected whole. On the See also:summit of the See also:plateau stands the residency proper, the See also:official See also:residence of the chief See also:commissioner, a lofty See also:building three storeys high, with a See also:fine See also:portico. Near the residency comes the banqueting See also:hall, and beyond the See also:Baillie Guardgate See also:lie the ruins of the surgeon's See also:house, where Sir Henry Lawrence died of a See also:shell-See also:wound, and where the ladies of the See also:garrison were sheltered in underground rooms. See also:Round the See also:line of the entrenchments are pillars marked with the name of the various " posts " into which the garrison was distributed. The most dangerous of these was the Cawnpore See also:battery See also:post, where the stockade was directly exposed to the enemy's See also:fire. The mutineers had rifles fixed in rests in the house opposite, and swept the road that led through the residency enclosure at this point. See also:Close to the residency is the Lawrence Memorial, an artificial See also:mound 30 ft. high crowned by a See also:marble See also:cross.

Among the other buildings of interest in Lucknow is the Imambara, which is one of the largest rooms in the See also:

world(162 ft. by 54), having an arched roof without supports. This See also:room was built by the See also:Nawab Asaf-ud-dowlah in 1784, to afford See also:relief to the See also:famine-stricken See also:people. The many monuments of his reign include his See also:country See also:palace of Bibiapur, outside the city. Among later buildings are the two palaces of Chhattar Manzil, erected for the wives of See also:Ghazi-ud-din Haidar (1814), the remains of the Farhat Baksh, dating from the previous reign, and ad-joining the greater Chhattar Manzil, the See also:observatory (now a bank) of Nasir-ud-din Haidar (1827), the imambara or mausoleumand the unfinished See also:great See also:mosque (Jama Masjid) of Mahommed See also:Ali Shah (1837), and the huge debased Kaisar Bagh, the palace of Wajid Ali Shah (1847-1856). The DISTRICT OF LUCKNOW lies on both sides of the river Gumti, and has an See also:area of 967 sq. m. Its general aspect is that of an open See also:champaign, well studded with villages, finely wooded and in parts most fertile and highly cultivated. In the vicinity of See also:rivers, however, stretch extensive barren sandy tracts (bhzir), and there are many wastes of saline efflorescence (usdr). The country is an almost dead level, the See also:average slope, which is from N.W. to S.E., being less than a See also:foot per mile. The See also:principal rivers are the Gumti and the Sai with their tributaries. The See also:population in 1901 was 793,241, showing an increase of 2.5 % in the preceding See also:decade. The DIvIsIoN of LUCKNOW contains the western See also:half of the old See also:province of Oudh. It comprises the six districts of Lucknow, See also:Unao, See also:Sitapur, Rae Bareli, See also:Hardoi and See also:Kheri.

Its area is 12,051 sq. m. and its population in 1901 was 5,977,086, showing an increase of 2.06 % in the decade. See Lucknow District Gazetteer (See also:

Allahabad, 1904). For a See also:fuller description of the city see G. W. See also:Forrest, Cities of India (1903). LUcON, a See also:town of western See also:France, in the department of See also:Vendee, 23 M. S.E. of La See also:Roche-sur-See also:Yon, on the railway from See also:Nantes to See also:Bordeaux, and on the See also:canal of Lucon (9 m. See also:long), which affords communication with the See also:sea in the See also:Bay of See also:Aiguillon. Pop. (Igoe) 6163. Between Lucon and the sea stretch marshy plains, the See also:bed of the former gulf, partly drained by numerous canals, and in the reclaimed parts yielding excellent pasturage, while in other parts are productive See also:salt-marshes, and ponds for the rearing of mussels and other shell-See also:fish. Lucon is the seat of a bishopric, established in 1317, and held by See also:Richelieu from 1607 to 1624. The See also:cathedral, partly of the 12th-See also:century and partly of later periods, was originally an See also:abbey See also:church.

The See also:

facade and the See also:clock See also:tower date from about 1700, and the tower is surmounted by a crocketed See also:spire rising 275 ft. above the ground, attributed to the architect See also:Francois Leduc of See also:Tuscany. The cloisters are of the See also:late 15th century. Adjacent is the See also:bishop's palace, possessing a large theological library and See also:Titian's " Disciples of See also:Emmaus," and there is a. fine public See also:garden. A communal college and an ecclesiastical See also:seminary are among the public institutions. During the Vendean See also:wars, See also:Luton was the See also:scene of several conflicts, notably in 1793.

End of Article: LUCKNOW

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