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NANTES , a See also: city of western See also:France, See also:capital of the See also:department of See also:Loire-Inferieure, on the right See also:bank of the Loire, 35 M. above its mouth, at the junction of the See also:- ORLEANS
- ORLEANS, CHARLES, DUKE OF (1391-1465)
- ORLEANS, DUKES OF
- ORLEANS, FERDINAND PHILIP LOUIS CHARLES HENRY, DUKE OF (1810-1842)
- ORLEANS, HENRI, PRINCE
- ORLEANS, HENRIETTA, DUCHESS
- ORLEANS, JEAN BAPTISTE GASTON, DUKE
- ORLEANS, LOUIS
- ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE JOSEPH
- ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ROBERT, DUKE
- ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE, DUKE OF (1725–1785)
- ORLEANS, LOUIS, DUKE OF (1372–1407)
- ORLEANS, PHILIP I
- ORLEANS, PHILIP II
Orleans, Western and See also:State See also:railways, S5 M. W.S.W. of See also:Angers by See also:rail. In See also:population (See also:town, 118,244; See also:commune, 133,247, in 1906) Nantes is the first city of See also:Brittany. The Loire here divides into several branches forming islands over portions of which the city has spread. It receives on the See also:left See also:hand the Sevre Nantaise, and on the right the Erdre, which forms the outlet of the See also:canal between Nantes and See also:Brest. The maritime See also:port of Nantes is reached by way of' the Loire and the See also:ship canal between the See also:island of Carnet and La Martiniere (9a m.). Vessels See also:drawing as much as 20 ft. 8 in., and at See also:spring tides, 22 ft., can reach the port, which extends over a length of about 11 m. The See also:outer port as far as the See also:industrial suburb of Chantenay has a length of over See also:half a mile. The See also:principal quays extend along the right bank of the See also:branch which flows past the town, and on the western See also:shore of the island of Gloriette. Their See also:total length used for trading purposes is 5 m., and warehouses See also:cover an See also:area of 17 acres. A slipway facilitates the repairing of See also:ships. The See also: river port occupies the St See also:Felix and Madeleine branches, and has quays extending for half a mile. Finally, on the Erdre is a third port for inland See also:navigation. The quays are bounded by railway lines along the right bank of the river, which the railway to St Nazaire follows. The older See also:quarter of Nantes containing the more interesting buildings is situated to the See also:east of the Erdre.
The See also:cathedral, begun in 1434 in the See also:Gothic See also:style, was unfinished till the 19th See also:century when the See also:transept and See also:choir were added. There are two interesting monuments in the transept—on the right See also:Michel See also:Colomb's See also:tomb of See also:Francis II., See also:duke of Brittany, and his second wife See also:Marguerite de See also:Foix (1507), and on the left that of See also:General Juchault de See also:Lamoriciere, a native of Nantes, by See also:Paul See also:Dubois (1879). Of the other churches the most interesting is St See also:Nicolas, a See also:modern See also:building in the style of the 13th century, on the right bank of the Erdre. Between the cathedral and the Loire, from which it is separated only by the breadth of the See also:quay, stands the See also:castle of Nantes, founded in the gth or loth century. Rebuilt by Francis II. and the duchess See also:Anne, it is flanked by huge towers and -by a See also:bastion erected by See also:- PHILIP
- PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
- PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
- PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
- PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)
Philip See also:Emmanuel duke of Mercceur in the See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time of the See also:League. A See also:fine See also:facade in the Gothic style looks into the courtyard. From being the See also:residence of the See also:dukes of Brittany, the castle became a state See also:prison in which See also:Jean-Frangois Paul de Gondi, See also:Cardinal de See also:Retz, See also:Nicholas See also:Fouquet, and See also:Marie See also:Louise of See also:Naples, duchess of See also:Berry, were at different times confined; it is now occupied as the See also:artillery headquarters. The See also:chapel in which the See also:marriage of See also:- LOUIS
- LOUIS (804–876)
- LOUIS (893–911)
- LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
- LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian
Louis XII. with Anne of Brittany was celebrated was destroyed by an See also:explosion in 'Soo. The See also: Exchange (containing the tribunal and chamber of See also:commerce), the See also:Grand See also:Theatre, the Prefecture and the town See also:- HALL
- HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
- HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
- HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
- HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
- HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
- HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
- HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
- HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
- HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
- HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
- HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
- HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
- HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
- HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
- HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
- HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
- HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)
hall are buildings of the last half of the 18th or See also:early 19th century; the See also:law courts date from the See also:middle of the 19th century. Nantes has an archaeological collection in the See also:Dobree Museum, and in the museum of fine arts a splendidcollection of paintings, modern See also:French masters being well represented; it also has a natural See also:history museum, a large library See also:rich in See also:manuscripts and a botanical See also:garden to the east. The Pommeraye Passage, which connects streets on different levels and is built in stages connected by staircases, See also:dates from 1843. Between the Loire and the Erdre run the Cours St See also:Pierre and the Cours St See also:Andre, adorned at the two ends of the See also:line by statues of Anne of Brittany and See also:Arthur III., See also:Bertrand du Guesclin and See also:Olivier de See also:Clisson, and separated by the See also:Place Louis XVI., with a statue of that monarch on a lofty See also:column. The Place Royale, to the See also:west of the Erdre, the See also:great See also:- MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)
meeting-place of the principal thoroughfares of the city, contains a monumental See also:fountain with allegorical statues of Nantes and the Loire and its affluents. A See also:flight of steps at the west end of the town leads up from the quay to the See also:colossal See also:cast-See also:iron statue of St Anne, whence a splendid view may be obtained over the valley of the Loire. Several old houses of the 15th and 16th centuries, the See also:fish See also:market and the Salorges (a vast See also:granite building now used as a bonded warehouse) are of See also:interest. Nantes has two great hospitals—St Jacques on the left bank of the Loire, and the Hotel-Dieu in Gloriette Island. It is the seat of a bishopric and a See also:court of assizes, and headquarters of the XI. See also:army See also:corps; it has tribunals of first instance and of commerce, a See also:board of See also:trade-arbitrators, a chamber of commerce and a branch of the Bank of France. The educational institutions include lycees for both sexes, a training See also:college for girls. See also:schools of See also:medicine and See also:pharmacy and law, a preparatory school to higher instruction, See also:science and letters, schools of See also:music, See also:art and navigation, technical and commercial schools, and a school for See also:deaf-mutes and the See also:blind.
Among the more important See also:industries of Nantes are See also:sugar-refining, See also:flour-milling, See also:rice-husking, the manufacture of oil, See also:soap, flour pastes and biscuits, and the preparation of tinned provisions (sardines, vegetables, &c.); the manufacture of See also:tin boxes, tiles, chemical See also:manures, See also:acid from See also:chestnut bark, See also:tobacco, See also:leather, See also:wood-pulp for See also:paper, rope, boots and shoes, brushes and See also:glass; saw-milling, See also:shipbuilding, See also:- METAL
- METAL (through Fr. from Lat. metallum, mine, quarry, adapted from Gr. µATaXAov, in the same sense, probably connected with ,ueraAAdv, to search after, explore, µeTa, after, aAAos, other)
metal See also:founding and the construction of See also:engineering material; and See also:wool and See also:cotton-See also:spinning and the manufacture of cotton and other fabrics, See also:hosiery and knitted goods. See also:Coal and patent See also:fuel (chiefly from Great See also:Britain) are the most important imports; next come See also:phosphates and See also:pyrites; other imports are See also:timber and pulp-wood. The principal exports are bunker-coal (to French colonies), pyrites, See also: slate, hoops and provisions. In the ten years 1898-1907 the See also:average See also:annual value of the imports was £2,657,000; of the exports £795,000. In 1907 there entered from See also:foreign countries 738 vessels (209 See also:British) with See also:tonnage of 584,850, and cleared 778 with 154,720 tons of See also:cargo, and 458,538 tons of See also:ballast. Reckoning ships carrying cargo only the figures for the first and last years of the See also:decade 1898-1907 were: 1898, ships entered, French 209 (tonnage 75,249), foreign 250 (tonnage 154,936); ships cleared, French 173 (tonnage 32,591), foreign 97 (tonnage 27,836): 1907, ships entered, French 186 (tonnage 127,635), foreign 419 (tonnage 361,002); ships cleared, French 126 (tonnage 81,299), foreign 128 (tonnage 45,181).
Before the See also:Roman occupation Nantes was the See also:chief town of the Namnetes and consisted of Condovicnum, lying on the hills away from the river, and of See also:Portus Namnetum, on the river. Under the See also:Romans it became a great commercial and administrative centre, though its two parts did not coalesce till the 3rd or 4th century. In the middle of the 3rd century See also:Christianity was introduced by St Clair. See also:Clotaire I. got See also:possession of the city in 56o, and placed it under the See also:government of St Felix the See also:bishop, who executed enormous See also:works to cause the Loire to flow under the walls of the castle. After being several times subdued by See also:Charlemagne, Brittany revolted under his successors, and Nominoe, proclaimed See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king in 842, ordered the fortifications of Nantes to be razed because it had sided with See also:Charles the Bald. The See also:Normans held the town from 843 to 936. About this time began the rivalry between Nantes and See also:Rennes, whose See also:counts disputed the See also:sovereignty of Brittany. Pierre de See also:Dreux, declared duke of Brittany by Philip See also:Augustus, made Nantes his capital,
surrounded it with fortifications and defended it valiantly against See also:John of See also:England. During the See also: Breton See also:wars of See also:succession Nantes took See also:part first with Jean de See also:Montfort, but afterwards with Charles of See also:Blois, and did not open its See also:gates to Monfort till his success was assured and his See also:English See also:allies had retired. In 156o Francis II. granted Nantes a communal constitution. In the course of the 15th and 16th centuries the city suffered from several epidemics. Averse to Protestantism, it joined the League along with the duke of Mercceur, See also:governor of Brittany, who helped to raise the See also:country into an See also:independent duchy; and it was not till 1598 that it opened its gates to See also:- HENRY
- HENRY (1129-1195)
- HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
- HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
- HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
- HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
- HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
- HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
- HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
- HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
- HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
- HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
- HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
- HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)
Henry IV., who here signed on the 2nd of May of that See also:year the famous See also:Edict of Nantes which until its revocation by Louis XIV. in 1685 was the See also:charter of Huguenot liberties in France. It was at Nantes that Henry de Talleyrand, See also:count of Chalais, was punished in 1626 for plotting against See also:Richelieu, that Fouquet was arrested in 1661, and that the Cellamare conspirators were executed under the See also:regent Philip of Orleans. Having warmly embraced the cause of the Revolution in 1789, the city was in 1793 treated with extreme rigour by J. B. See also:Carrier, See also:envoy of the See also:Committee of Public Safety, whose noyades or wholesale drownings of prisoners became notorious. Nantes on more than one occasion vigorously resisted the Vendeans. It was here that the duchess of Berry was arrested in 1832 while trying to stir up La See also:Vendee against Louis Philippe.
End of Article: NANTES
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