Online Encyclopedia

Search over 40,000 articles from the original, classic Encyclopedia Britannica, 11th Edition.

NOTTINGHAM, CHARLES HOWARD, 1ST EARL ...

Online Encyclopedia
Originally appearing in Volume V19, Page 826 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
» Make a correction to this article.
» Add information or comments to this article.
Spread the word: del.icio.us del.icio.us it!

See also:

NOTTINGHAM, See also:CHARLES See also:HOWARD, 1ST See also:EARL OF1 (1536-1624) , See also:English See also:lord high See also:admiral (also known as 2nd Lord Howard of Effingham), was the eldest son of See also:William, 1st See also:Baron Howard of Effingham, lord high admiral, by his wife, See also:Margaret, daughter of See also:Sir See also:Thomas Gamage of Co.ity in See also:Glamorganshire, and was See also:born in 1536. He was nearly connected with See also:Queen See also:Elizabeth, his See also:father's See also:sister, Elizabeth Howard, being See also:mother of See also:Anne See also:Boleyn. During See also:Mary's reign he is said to have served at See also:sea with his father, and on the See also:accession of Elizabeth his kinship, together with his See also:good looks and abilities, secured his See also:early See also:advancement. In 1559 he was sent as See also:ambassador to See also:France to congratulate See also:Francis II. on his accession, and in 1569 was See also:general of the See also:horse under the earl of See also:Warwick for suppressing the See also:Roman See also:Catholic See also:rebellion in the See also:north. The next See also:year he commanded a See also:squadron of See also:ships to See also:watch the See also:Spanish See also:fleet which came to conduct the queen of See also:Spain from See also:Flanders, on which occasion " His lordship, accompanied with 10 ships only of Her Majestie's See also:Navy Royal, environed their Fleet in a most See also:strange and warlike sort, enforced them to stoop gallant and to vail their bonnets for the queen of See also:England."2 In the parliaments of 1563 and 1572 he represented See also:Surrey, and succeeded to his father's See also:title on the 29th of See also:January 1573. He was installed a See also:knight of the Garter on the 24th of See also:April 1574, and made lord See also:chamberlain of the See also:household, an See also:appointment which he retained till May 1585, when he became lord high admiral of England. He also filled the offices of lord See also:lieutenant of Surrey and high steward of See also:Kingston-upon-See also:Thames. He. was one of the commissioners at the trial of the conspirators in the See also:Babington See also:Plot and of Mary, queen of Scots, in 1586, and, according to See also:Davison, Elizabeth's secretary of See also:state, it was owing chiefly to his persuasion and See also:influence that Elizabeth signed the See also:death-See also:warrant.' In See also:December 1587 he hoisted his See also:flag on the " See also:Ark." His letters at this See also:time reflect vividly his sense of the impending danger. " For the love of Jesus See also:Christ, Madam," he writes to Elizabeth, " awake thoroughly and see the villainous treasons See also:round about you, against your See also:Majesty and your See also:realm, and 1 i.e. In the Howard See also:line ; see above. 2 See also:Fuller's Worthies, ii. 361.

' See also:

Nicolas's See also:Life of Davison, pp. 232, 258. 281.draw your forces round about you like a mighty See also:prince to defend you. Truly, Madam, if you do so, there is no cause for fear." On the approach of the See also:Armada on the 6th of See also:July 1588, Howard describes thus the disposal of his forces: " I have divided myself here into three parts, and yet we See also:lie within sight of one another, so as if any of us do discover the Spanish fleet we give See also:notice thereof presently the one to the other and thereupon repair and assemble together. I myself do lie in the See also:middle of the channel with the greatest force. Sir Francis See also:Drake hath 20 ships and 4 or 5 pinnaces which lie beyond See also:Ushant and Mr See also:Hawkins with as many more lieth towards Scilly." 5 He directed the various engagements (see ARMADA), and stayed himself to conduct the attack on the See also:San Lorenzo," stranded off See also:Calais, arriving in consequence at the See also:great fight off See also:Gravelines some time after the engagement had begun. His See also:tactics have been criticized both by contemporary and by later authorities, but his position was a perilous one, opposed to an overwhelming force of the enemy, and rendered still more difficult by the queen's untimely See also:economy, Howard himself contributing largely to the See also:naval expenses and to the See also:relief of the numerous See also:seamen poisoned by See also:bad See also:food and landed at See also:Margate. " It were too pitiful to have men starve after such a service."6 Instead of risking all in a pitched See also:battle with the enemy, a course which probably appealed more to his dashing subordinates, he resolved to pursue the less heroic method of " plucking their feathers little by little "; and his prudence, while justified by the extraordinary results, was also greatly praised by so good a See also:judge as See also:Raleigh. Shortly afterwards, under Howard's directions, a " Relation of Proceedings " was See also:drawn up (now printed in the Navy Records Society Publications, i. 1-18). In 1596 Howard and See also:Essex commanded the expedition against See also:Cadiz, when a squadron of the enemy's ships was destroyed and two of the number brought See also:home. Howard's intention was to limit the expedition entirely to naval operations, but Essex insisted on landing, and Howard, who had been specially charged by Elizabeth to protect her favourite,' was obliged to follow in his support.

The See also:

town was sacked and the forts destroyed; the naval prizes, however, but for this diversion would have been more numerous. The See also:council of See also:war then refusing to countenance any further attempts on See also:land, Howard and Essex returned with the expedition to England. On the 22nd of See also:October 1596 Howard was created earl of Nottingham. In See also:February 1598, on a scare of an intended invasion, he was ordered to take See also:measures for the See also:defence of the See also:country, and again in 1599, when he was appointed " Lord Lieut.-general of all England," and exercised full authority both over the See also:army and the navy. He took a leading See also:part in suppressing the rebellion of Essex, and served as a See also:commissioner on his trial in February 16o1. In December 16o2 he entertained Elizabeth at See also:Arundel See also:House, but made no See also:attempt to See also:rival the gorgeous and expensive entertainments given to the queen by some of his contemporaries. Elizabeth's favour, in his See also:case, required no courting by such methods, and it was to Nottingham that she named See also:James as her successor on her deathbed. He continued to hold his See also:office as lord high admiral under the new See also:king, and in 16o5 was despatched as ambassador to Spain, where his great reputation, together with his amiable See also:character, perfect See also:temper and unfailing See also:courtesy, secured the successful negotiation of See also:peace. He served on numerous commissions, including those on the See also:union of the two kingdoms in 16o4, for the trial of the conspirators of the See also:Gunpowder Plot and of See also:Henry See also:Garnett in 16o6, and for reviewing the articles and rules of the See also:order of the Garter in 1618, and he attended Princess Elizabeth on her See also:marriage to the elector See also:palatine with a squadron to See also:Flushing in 1613. Nottingham, who, unlike many of the Howards, was ' Navy Records Society: Papers See also:Relating to the Spanish Armada, See also:June 23rd, i. 225. 6 Howard to See also:Walsingham, July 6.

Ib. i. 245. 8 Ib. ii. 183. ' Ib. i. 341 and Cal. of State P. Dom. 1581-1590, p. 516. 8 See H.'s See also:

letter to Essex on this subject, Hsst. See also:MSS. See also:Comm.

See also:

Marquess of Salisburv's MSS, vi. 239. a staunch See also:Protestant,' was commi"aioner in Surrey for inquiring after recusants,2 and in the See also:diocese of See also:Winchester for See also:hearing ecclesiastical causes; he sat on the See also:government See also:commission for discovering and expelling Roman Catholic priests, and was mentioned in 1602 from Douay as one of the three enemies most feared by the recusants. On the See also:report of the commission on the navy in 1618 and of the abuses then exposed, Lord Nottingham, though no blame was attached to himself, being now an old See also:man over eighty years of See also:age, vacated his office of lord high admiral, receiving the sum of £3000 with a See also:pension of £1000, and being granted a See also:special See also:precedence, limited to his See also:person, as earl of Nottingham of the earl er See also:Mowbray creation, and still keeping the lord-lieutenancy of Surrey. He died at Haling House, near See also:Croydon, on the 14th of December 1624, and was buried at See also:Reigate, a See also:monument being afterwards placed to his memory in St Margaret's See also:church at See also:Westminster. He was a striking and almost heroic figure in the Elizabethan See also:annals, no unworthy See also:leader of such men as Drake, Hawkins and Raleigh, the defender of his country at a time of imminent peril, and by his splendid character and services he was placed beyond the reach of the intrigues and jealousies which troubled the reputation of many of his See also:con-temporaries and above even the suspicion of See also:ill-doing. Lord Nottingham married (1), in July 1563, See also:Catherine,daughter of Henry See also:Carey, 1st Lord See also:Hunsdon, See also:cousin to the queen, by whom he had, besides three daughters, two sons—William, who died in his father's lifetime, and Charles (1579-1642), who succeeded as second earl of Nottingham; and (2), when in his 68th year, Margaret, daughter of James See also:Stuart, earl of See also:Murray, by whom he had two sons, the youngest of whom, on the death of his See also:half-See also:brother without male issue, succeeded as third earl of Nottingham; on his dying childless in April 1681 the earldom became See also:extinct, the See also:barony of Effingham passing to the descepdants of the first earl of Nottingham's younger brother, Sir William Howard, from whom the See also:fourth earl of Effingham (creation of 1837) and 14th baron Howard of Effingham (b. 1866), who succeeded in 1898, was descended.

End of Article: NOTTINGHAM, CHARLES HOWARD, 1ST EARL OF1 (1536-1624)

Additional information and Comments

There are no comments yet for this article.
» Add information or comments to this article.
Please link directly to this article:
Highlight the code below, right click, and select "copy." Then paste it into your website, email, or other HTML.
Site content, images, and layout Copyright © 2006 - Net Industries, worldwide.
Do not copy, download, transfer, or otherwise replicate the site content in whole or in part.

Links to articles and home page are always encouraged.

[back]
NOTTINGHAM 		[next]
NOTTINGHAM, EARLS OF

Site © 2006 - Net Industries