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LEEDS , a See also:city and municipal See also:county and See also:parliamentary 'See also:- BOROUGH (A.S. nominative burh, dative byrig, which produces some of the place-names ending in bury, a sheltered or fortified place, the camp of refuge of a tribe, the stronghold of a chieftain; cf. Ger. Burg, Fr. bor, bore, bourg)
- BOROUGH [BURROUGH, BURROWE, BORROWS], STEVEN (1525–1584)
borough in the See also:West See also:Riding of See also:Yorkshire, See also:England, 18s m.
4 Harleian See also:MSS. 2264, No. 239.
5 See also:Boyer's See also:Annals, 515.
N.N.W. from See also:London. Pop. (1891) 367,505; (19o1) 428,968. It is served by the See also:Great See also:Northern railway (Central station), the Midland (See also:Wellington station), See also:North-Eastern and London & North-Western (New station), and Great Central and See also:Lancashire & Yorkshire See also:railways (Central station). It lies nearly in the centre of the Riding, in the valley of the See also:river See also:Aire.
The See also:plan of the city is in no way See also:regular, and the numerous handsome public buildings are distributed among several streets, principally on the north See also:side of the narrow river. The See also:town See also:- HALL
- HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
- HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
- HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
- HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
- HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
- HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
- HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
- HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
- HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
- HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
- HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
- HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
- HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
- HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
- HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
- HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
- HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)
hall is a See also:fine See also:building in Grecian See also:style, well placed in a square between See also:Park See also:Lane and Great See also:George See also:Street. It is of oblong shape, with a handsome See also:facade over which rises a domed See also:clock-See also:tower. The See also:principal apartment is the See also:Victoria Hall, a richly ornamented chamber measuring 161 ft. in length, 72 in breadth and 75 in height. It was opened in 1858 by See also:Queen Victoria. Immediately adjacent to it are the municipal offices (1884) in See also:Italian style. The Royal See also:Exchange (1872) in See also:Boar Lane is an excellent Perpendicular building. In ecclesiastical See also:architecture Leeds is not See also:rich. The See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
church of St See also:John, however, is an interesting example of the junction of See also:Gothic traditions with See also:Renaissance tendencies in architecture. It See also:dates from 1634 and contains some fine contemporary woodwork. St See also:- PETER
- PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
- PETER (PEDRO)
- PETER, EPISTLES OF
- PETER, ST
Peter's See also:parish church occupies an See also:ancient site, and preserves a very See also:early See also:cross from the former building. The church was rebuilt in 1840 at the instance of the See also:vicar, Dr See also:Walter See also:Farquhar See also:Hook (1798-1875), afterwards See also:dean of See also:Chichester, whose See also:work here in a poor and See also:ill-educated parish brought hirn fame. The church of All Souls (188o) commemorates him. It may be noted that the vicarage of Leeds has in See also:modern times commonly formed a step to the episcopal See also:bench. There are numerous other modern churches and chapels, of which the Unitarian See also:chapel in Park See also:Row is See also:note-worthy. Leeds is the seat of a See also:Roman See also:Catholic See also:bishop, with a See also:pro-See also:cathedral dedicated to St See also:Anne. There is a large See also:free library in the municipal offices, and numerous See also:branch See also:libraries are maintained. The Leeds old library is a private institution founded in 1768 by Dr See also:Priestley, who was then See also:minister of the Unitarian chapel. It occupies a building in Commercial Street. The Philosophical and See also:Literary Society, established in 1820, possesses a handsome building in Park Row, known as the Philosophical See also:Hail, containing a laboratory, scientific library, lecture See also:room, and museum, with excellent natural See also:history, See also:geological and archaeological collections. The City See also:Art See also:Gallery was completed in 1888, and contains a fine permanent collection, while exhibitions are also held. The University, incorporated in 1904, See also:grew out of Yorkshire See also:College, established in 1875 for the purpose of supplying instruction in the arts and sciences which are applicable to the manufactures, See also:engineering, See also:mining and See also:agriculture of the county. In 1887 it became one of the constituent colleges of Victoria University, See also:Manchester, and so remained until its See also:separate See also:incorporation. The existing building was completed in 1885, and contains a hall of See also:residence, a central hall and library, and See also:complete equipments in all departments of instruction. New departments have been opened in See also:extension of the See also:original See also:- SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)
scheme, such as the medical See also:department (1894). A See also:day training college is a branch of the institution. The See also:Mechanics' See also:Institute (1865) occupies a handsome Italian building in Cookridge Street near the town hall. It comprises a lecture room, library, See also:reading and class rooms; and day and evening classes and an art school are maintained. The See also:grammar school, occupying a Gothic building (1858) at Woodhouse See also:Moor, dates its See also:foundation from 1552. It is largely endowed, and possesses exhibitions tenable at See also:- OXFORD
- OXFORD, EARLS OF
- OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
- OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
- OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
- OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
- OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST
Oxford, See also:Cambridge and See also:Durham See also:universities. There is a large training college for the Wesleyan Methodist See also:ministry in the suburb of Headingley. The Yorkshire Ladies' See also:Council of See also:Education has as its See also:object the promotion of See also:female education, and the instruction of girls and See also:women of the See also:artisan class in domestic See also:economy, &c. The See also:general infirmary in Great George Street is a Gothic building of See also:brick with See also:- STONE
- STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
- STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
- STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
- STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
- STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
- STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
- STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
- STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)
stone dressings with a highly ornamental exterior by See also:Sir See also:- GILBERT
- GILBERT (KINGSMILL) ISLANDS
- GILBERT (or GYLBERDE), WILLIAM (1544-1603)
- GILBERT, ALFRED (1854– )
- GILBERT, ANN (1821-1904)
- GILBERT, GROVE KARL (1843– )
- GILBERT, J
- GILBERT, JOHN (1810-1889)
- GILBERT, MARIE DOLORES ELIZA ROSANNA [" LOLA MONTEZ "] (1818-1861)
- GILBERT, NICOLAS JOSEPH LAURENT (1751–1780)
- GILBERT, SIR HUMPHREY (c. 1539-1583)
- GILBERT, SIR JOSEPH HENRY (1817-1901)
- GILBERT, SIR WILLIAM SCHWENK (1836– )
Gilbert See also:Scott, of whose work this is by no means the only See also:good example in Leeds. The city possesses further notable buildings in its See also:market-halls, theatres, clubs, &c.
Among open spaces devoted by the See also:corporation to public use that of Woodhouse Moor is the principal one within the city, but 3 M. N.E. of the centre is Roundhay Park, a See also:tract of 700 acres, beautifully laid out and containing a picturesque See also:lake. In 1889 there came into the See also:possession of the corporation the ground, lying 3 M. Up the river from the centre of the city, containing the celebrated ruins of Kirkstall See also:Abbey.
The remains of this great foundation, of the See also:middle of the 12th See also:century, are extensive, and so far typical of the usual arrangement of Cistercian houses as to be described under the heading ABBEY. The ruins are carefully preserved, and See also:form a remarkable contrast with the surrounding See also:industrial See also:district. Apart from Kirkstall there are few antiquarian remains in the locality. In See also:Guildford Street, near the town hall, is the Red Hall, where See also:Charles I. See also:lay during his enforced See also:journey under the See also:charge of the See also:army in 1647.
For manufacturing and commercial purposes the situation of Leeds is highly advantageous. It occupies a central position in the railway See also:system of England. It has communication with See also:Liverpool by the Leeds and Liverpool See also:Canal, and with See also:Goole and the See also:Humber by the Aire and See also:Calder See also:Navigation. It is moreover the centre of an important See also:coal and See also:iron district. Though regarded as the See also:capital of the great manufacturing district of the West Riding, Leeds is not in its centre but on its border. Eastward and northward the See also:country is agricultural, but westward and southward lies a See also:mass of manufacturing towns. The characteristic See also:industry is the woollen manufacture. The industry is carried on in a great number of neighbouring town-See also:ships, but the See also:cloth is commonly finished or dressed in the city itself, this See also:procedure differing from that of the See also:wool manufacturers in See also:Gloucestershire and the west of England, who carry out the entire See also:process in one factory. Formerly much of the business between manufacturer and See also:merchant was transacted in the cloth halls, which formed a See also:kind of market, but merchants now See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order goods directly from the manufacturers. Artificial See also:silk is import-See also:- ANT
- ANT (O. Eng. aemete, from Teutonic a, privative, and maitan, cut or bite off, i.e. " the biter off "; aemete in Middle English became differentiated in dialect use to (mete, then amte, and so ant, and also to emete, whence the synonym " emmet," now only u
ant among the textile products. Subsidiary to these leading See also:industries is the See also:production of See also:machine-made clothing, hats and caps. The See also:leather See also:trade of Leeds is the largest in England, though no See also:sole leather is tanned. The See also:supply comes chiefly from See also:British See also:India. Boots and shoes are extensively manufactured. The iron trade in its different branches rivals the woollen trade in See also:wealth, including the casting of See also:- METAL
- METAL (through Fr. from Lat. metallum, mine, quarry, adapted from Gr. µATaXAov, in the same sense, probably connected with ,ueraAAdv, to search after, explore, µeTa, after, aAAos, other)
metal, and the manufacture of See also:steam engines, steam wagons, steam ploughs, machinery, tools, nails, &c. Leeds was formerly famed for the production of See also:artistic pottery, and specimens of old Leeds See also:ware are highly prized. The industry lapsed about the end of the 18th century, but has been revived in modern times. See also:Minor and less specialized industries are numerous.
The parliamentary borough is divided into five divisions (North, Central, See also:South, See also:East and West), each returning one member. The county borough was created in 1888. Leeds was raised to the See also:rank of a city in 1893. The municipal borough is under a See also:lord See also:mayor (the See also:title was conferred in 1897 on the occasion of Queen Victoria's See also:Diamond See also:Jubilee), 16 aldermen and 48 councillors. See also:Area, 21,572 acres.
Leeds (Loidis, Ledes) is mentioned by See also:Bede as the district where the Northumbrian See also:kings had a royal See also:vill in 627, and where Oswy, See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king of See also:Northumbria, defeated See also:Penda, king of the Mercians, in 665. Before the See also:Norman See also:Conquest seven thanes held it of See also:Edward the See also:Confessor as seven manors, but See also:- WILLIAM
- WILLIAM (1143-1214)
- WILLIAM (1227-1256)
- WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
- WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
- WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
- WILLIAM, 13TH
William the Conqueror granted the whole to Ilbert de See also:Lacy, and at the See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time of the Domesday Survey it was held of him by See also:Ralph Pagancl, who is said to have raised Leeds See also:castle, possibly on the site of an earlier fortification. In 1207 See also:Maurice Paganel constituted the inhabitants of Leeds free burgesses, granting them the same liberties as See also:Robert de Lacy had granted to See also:Pontefract, including the right of selling burgher See also:land to whom they pleased except to religious houses, and freedom from See also:toll. He also appointed as the See also:chief officer of the town a See also:reeve who was to be chosen by the lord of the See also:manor, the burgesses being " more eligible if only they would pay as much as others for the See also:- OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")
office." The town was incorporated by Charles I. in 1626 under the title of an See also:alderman, 7 principal burgesses and 24 assistants. A second See also:charter granted by Charles II. in 1661 appointed a mayor, 12 See also:alder-men and 24 assistants, and is still the governing charter of the borough. The woollen manufacture is said to have been introduced into Leeds in the 14th century, and owing to the facilities for trade afforded by its position on the river Aire soon became an important
industry. See also:Camden, See also:writing about 1590, says, " Leeds is rendered wealthy by its woollen manufactures," and the incorporation charter of 1626 recites that " the inhabitants have for a See also:long time exercised the art of making cloth." The cloth was then, as it is now, made in the neighbouring villages and only finished and sold in the town. A successful See also:attempt was made in the beginning of the 19th century by Mr William Hirst to introduce goods of a See also:superior quality which were made and finished in his own factory. Other manufacturers followed his example. but-their factories are now only used for the See also:finishing process. The worsted trade which was formerly carried on to some extent has now almost disappeared. The See also:spinning of See also:flax by machinery was introduced early in the 19th century by Mr John See also:Marshall, a Holbeck manufacturer, who was one of the first to apply Sir See also:Richard See also:Arkwright's See also:water See also:frame, invented for See also:cotton manufacture, to the spinning of See also:linen See also:yarn. The burgesses were represented in See also:parliament by one member during the See also:Commonwealth, but not again until by the Reform See also:Act of 1832 they were allowed to return two members. In 1867 they were granted an additional member.
See See also:- JAMES
- JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
- JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
- JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
- JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
- JAMES, EPISTLE OF
- JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
- JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
- JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
- JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)
James Wardell, The Municipal History of the Borough of Leeds 0846); J. D. See also:Whitaker, Loidis and Elmete: or an Attempt to illustrate the Districts described in these words by Bede (1816); D. H. See also:Atkinson, Ralph Thoresby, the Topographer; his Town (Leeds) and Times (1885-1887).
End of Article: LEEDS
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