|
See also:ARKWRIGHT, See also:SIR See also:RICHARD (1732-1792) , See also:English inventor, was See also:born at See also:Preston in See also:Lancashire, on the 23rd of See also:December 1732, of parents in humble circumstances. He was the youngest of thirteen See also:children, and received but a very indifferent See also:education. Af ter serving his See also:apprenticeship in his native See also:town, he established himself as a See also:barber at See also:Bolton about 1750, and later amassed a little See also:property from dealing in human See also:hair and See also:dyeing it by a See also:process of his own. This business he gave up about 1767 in See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order to devote himself to the construction of the See also:spinning See also:frame. The spinning jenny, which was patented by See also:- JAMES
- JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
- JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
- JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
- JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
- JAMES, EPISTLE OF
- JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
- JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
- JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
- JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)
James Hargreaves (d. 1778), a See also:carpenter of See also:Blackburn, Lancashire, in 1770, thoughhe had invented it some years earlier, gave the means of spinning twenty or See also:thirty threads at once with no more labour than had previously been required to spin a single See also:- THREAD (0. Eng. praed, literally, that which is twisted, prawan, to twist, to throw, cf. " throwster," a silk-winder, Ger. drehen, to twist, turn, Du. draad, Ger. Draht, thread, wire)
thread. The thread spun by the jenny could not, however, be used except as weft, being destitute of the firmness or hardness required in the See also:longitudinal threads or warp. Arkwright supplied this deficiency by the invention of the spinning-frame, which spins a vast number of threads of any degree of fineness and hardness.
The precise date of the invention is not known; but in 1767 he employed See also:John See also:Kay, a watchmaker at See also:Warrington, to assist him in the preparation of the parts of his See also:machine, and he took out a patent for it in 1769. The first See also:model was set up in the parlour of the See also:house belonging to the See also:free See also:grammar school at Preston. This invention having been brought to a fairly advanced See also:stage, he removed to See also:Nottingham in 1768, accompanied by Kay and John Smalley of Preston, and there erected his first spinning See also:- MILL
- MILL (O. Eng. mylen, later myln, or miln, adapted from the late Lat. molina, cf. Fr. moulin, from Lat. mola, a mill, molere, to grind; from the same root, mol, is derived " meal;" the word appears in other Teutonic languages, cf. Du. molen, Ger. muhle)
- MILL, JAMES (1773-1836)
- MILL, JOHN (c. 1645–1707)
- MILL, JOHN STUART (1806-1873)
mill, which was worked by horses. But his operations were at first greatly fettered by want of See also:capital, until Jedediah See also:Strutt (q.v.), having satisfied himself of the value of the See also:machines, entered with his partner, See also:Samuel Need, into See also:partnership with him, and enabled him in 1771 to build a second factory, on a much larger See also:scale, at Cromford in See also:Derbyshire, the machinery of which was turned by a See also:water-See also:wheel. A fresh patent, taken out in 1775, covered several additional improvements in the processes of See also:carding, roving and spinning. As the value of his processes became known, he began to be troubled with infringements of his See also:patents, and in 1781 he took See also:action in the courts to vindicate his rights. In the first See also:case, against See also:Colonel Mordaunt, who was supported by a See also:combination of manufacturers, the decision was unfavourable to him, on the See also:sole ground that the description of the machinery in the See also:specification was obscure and indistinct. In consequence he prepared a " case," which he at one See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time intended to See also:lay before See also:parliament, as the See also:foundation of an application for an See also:act for See also:relief. But this intention was subsequently abandoned; and in a new trial (Arkwright v. See also:Nightingale) in See also:February 1785, the presiding See also:judge having expressed himself favourably with respect to the sufficiency of the specification, a See also:verdict was given for Arkwright. On this, as on the former trial, nothing was stated against the originality of the invention.
In consequence of these conflicting verdicts, the whole See also:matter was brought, by a See also:writ of scire facias, before the See also:court of See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
King's See also:Bench, to have the validity of the patent finally settled, and it was not till this third trial, which took See also:place in See also:June 1785, that Arkwright's claim to the inventions which formed the subject of the patent was disputed. To support this new allegation, Arkwright's opponents brought forward, for the first time, See also:- THOMAS
- THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
- THOMAS (d. 110o)
- THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
- THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
- THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
- THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
- THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
- THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
- THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
- THOMAS, ST
- THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
- THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)
Thomas Highs, or See also:Hayes, a See also:reed-maker at Bolton, who stated that he had invented a machine for spinning by rollers previously to 1768, and that he had employed the watchmaker Kay to make a model of that machine. Kay himself was produced to prove that he had communicated that model to Arkwright, and that this was the real source of all his pretended inventions. Having no See also:idea that any See also:attempt was to be made to overturn the patent on this new ground, Arkwright's counsel were not prepared with See also:evidence to repel this statement, and the verdict went against him. On a See also:motion for a new trial on the loth of See also:November of the same See also:year it was stated that he was furnished'with affidavits contradicting the evidence that had been given by Kay and others with respect to the originality of the invention; but the court refused to See also:- GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
- GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
- GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
- GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
- GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
- GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
- GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
- GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
- GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
- GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
- GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
- GRANT, U
- GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)
grant a new trial, on the ground that, what-ever might be the fact as to. the question of originality, the deficiency in the specification was enough to sustain the verdict, and the cancellation of the patents was, ordered a few days afterwards. His fortunes, however, were not thereby seriously affected, for by this time his business capacity and organizing skill had enabled him to consolidate his position, in spite of the difficulties he had encountered not only from See also:rival manufacturers but also from the working classes, who in 1779 displayed their antipathy to labour-saving appliances by destroying a large mill he had erected near See also:Chorley.
Though a See also:man of See also:great See also:personal strength, Arkwright never enjoyed See also:good See also:health, and throughout his career of invention and
See also:discovery he laboured under a severe asthmatic See also:affection. A complication of disorders at length terminated his•life on the 3rd of See also:August 1792, at his See also:works at Cromford. He was knighted in 1786 when he presented a congratulatory address from the See also:wapentake of See also:Wirksworth to See also:George III., on his See also:- ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli
escape from the attempt on his See also:life by See also:Margaret See also:Nicholson.
End of Article: ARKWRIGHT, SIR RICHARD (1732-1792)
Additional information and Comments
There are no comments yet for this article.
Please link directly to this article:
Highlight the code below, right click, and select "copy." Then paste it into your website, email, or other HTML.
Site content, images, and layout Copyright © 2006 - Net Industries, worldwide.
Do not copy, download, transfer, or otherwise replicate the site content in whole or in part.
Links to articles and home page are always encouraged.
|
del.icio.us it!