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NIGHTINGALE, FLORENCE (1820–191o)

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Originally appearing in Volume V19, Page 685 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.

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NIGHTINGALE, See also:
FLORENCE
FLORENCE (Ital. Firenze, Lat. Florentia)
FLORENCE (1820–191o) , younger daughter of See also:

William See also:

EDWARD

Edward Nightingale of Ernbley See also:

Park, See also:

HAMPSHIRE (or COUNTY OF SOUTHAMPTON, abbreviated HANTS)

Hampshire, and See also:

LEA, HENRY CHARLES (1825–1909)

Lea See also:

HURST, JOHN FLETCHER (1834-1903)

Hurst, See also:

DERBYSHIRE

Derbyshire, was See also:

BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at Florence on the 15th of May 182o, and named after that See also:

CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city, but her childhood was spent in See also:

England, chiefly in Derbyshire. From her earliest years her strong love of nature and animals manifested itself. Her See also:

GAMES, CLASSICAL

games, too, were characteristic, for her See also:

GREAT

great delight was to See also:

NURSE (a shortened form of the earlier " nourice," adapted through the French from Lat. nutrix, nu/rite, to nourish)

nurse and bandage her dolls. Her first living patient was a shepherd's See also:

dog. From tending animals she passed to human beings, and wherever there was sorrow or suffering she was sure to be found. Her most ardent See also:

DESIRE

desire was to use her talents for the benefit of humanity. She had a natural shrinking from society; and though her social position necessitated her presentation at See also:

Court, her first See also:

SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season in See also:

TOWN

town was spent in examining into the working of hospitals, reformatories and other charitable institutions. This was followed by a tour of inspection of See also:

FOREIGN

foreign hospitals. At that See also:

time England was sadly behind-See also:

hand in matters of See also:

NURSING

nursing and sanitation, and See also:

MISS

Miss Nightingale, who desired to obtain the best possible teaching for herself, went through a course of training in the See also:

INSTITUTE (from Lat. instituere, to establish or set up)

Institute of See also:

PROTESTANT

Protestant Deaconesses at See also:

KAISERSWERTH

Kaiserswerth. She remained there six months, learning every detail of See also:

HOSPITAL (Lat. haspitalis, the adjective of hospes, host or guest)

hospital management with a thoroughness rarely equalled. Miss Nightingale neglected nothing that could make her proficient in her self-chosen task. From Kaiserswerth she went to See also:

Paris, where she studied the See also:

SYSTEM

system of nursing and management in the hospitals under the See also:

charge of the sisters of St See also:

Vincent de See also:

Paul.

After her return to England she devoted herself to reorganizing the Governesses' See also:

SANATORIUM (a modern Latinism, formed from sanare, to cure, restore to health, sanus, whole, healthy, well; often wrongly spelled sanatarium or sanitarium)

Sanatorium in Harley See also:

Street (now the See also:

Home for Gentlewomen during Temporary Illness), which was at that time badly managed and in great need of funds. Miss Nightingale grudged neither time nor See also:

MONEY

money to this See also:

WORK

work, and she had the See also:

SATISFACTION (Lat. salisfacerc, to satisfy)

satisfaction of placing it on a thoroughly satisfactory basis. In the See also:

YEAR

year 1854 England was stirred to its depths by the See also:

REPORT (O.Fr. report or raport, modern rapport, from O.Fr. reporter, mod. rap porter, Lat. reportare, to bring back, in poetical use only, of bringing back an account, news, &c.)

report of the sufferings of the sick and wounded in the See also:

CRIMEA (ancient Tauris or Tauric Chersonese, called by the Russians by the Tatar name Krym or Crim)

Crimea. There was an utter See also:

ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence of the commonest preparations to carry out the first and simplest demands in a See also:

PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place set apart to receive the sick and wounded of a large See also:

army. The See also:

CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of the large barrack-hospital at See also:

Scutari was deplorable. A royal See also:

COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission of inquiry was appointed, a patriotic fund opened, and money flowed in fast. To Miss Nightingale this proved the See also:

trumpet-See also:

CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call of See also:

DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty. She wrote to See also:

Sidney See also:

Herbert, secretary at See also:

war, and offered her services. Her See also:

LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter crossed with one from him inviting her to proceed to the Crimea. She set out on the 24th See also:

OCTOBER

October with a See also:

STAFF (O. Eng. staef, cf. Du. staf, Ger. Stab, &c.; Icel. stafr meant also a written letter, and O. Eng. stafas, the letters of the alphabet; " stave," one of the thin pieces of wood of which a cask is made, is a doublet)

staff of See also:

THIRTY

thirty-seven nurses, partly See also:

VOLUNTEERS

volunteers, partly professionals trained in hospitals. They reached Scutari on the 4th of See also:

NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November, in time to receive the See also:

BALAKLAVA

Balaklava wounded. A See also:

day or two later these were joined by 60o from See also:

INKERMAN, BATTLE OF

Inkerman.

The See also:

story of Miss Nightingale's labours at Scutari is one of the brightest pages in See also:

ENGLISH

English See also:

ANNALS (Annales, from annus, a year)

annals. She gave herself, See also:

BODY

body and soul, to the work. She would stand for'twenty See also:

HOURS, CANONICAL

hours at a stretch to sec the wounded accommodated. She regularly took her place in the operation-See also:

ROOM

room, to hearten the sufferers by her presence and sympathy, and at See also:

NIGHT

night she would make her solitary See also:

ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round of the wards, See also:

LAMP (from Gr. Xag ras, a torch, Xaµaav, to shine)

lamp in hand, stopping here and there to speak a kindly word to some patient. Soon she had 10,000 men under her charge, and the See also:

general superintendence of all the hospitals on the See also:

BOSPORUS, or BOSPHORUS (Gr. Boo-iopos=ox-ford, tradition-ally connected with Io, daughter of Inachus, who, in the form of a heifer, crossed the Thracian Bosporus on her wanderings)

Bosporus. Gradually the effects of the See also:

MEASURES

measures adopted were seen in a lowered See also:

DEATH

death-See also:

RATE

rate. In See also:

FEBRUARY

February 1855 it was as high as 42%, before many months it had sunk to 2. For a time Miss Nightingale was herself prostrated with See also:

FEVER (Lat. febris, connected with fervere, to burn)

fever, but she refused to leave her See also:

POST

post, and remained at Scutari till See also:

TURKEY

Turkey was evacuated by the See also:

BRITISH

British in See also:

JULY

July 1856. The See also:

ENTHUSIASM

enthusiasm aroused in England by Miss Nightingale's labours was indescribable. A See also:

man-of-war was ordered to bring her home, and See also:

LONDON

London prepared to give her a triumphant reception; but she returned quietly in a See also:

French See also:

SHIP

ship, crossed to England, and escaped to her See also:

COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country home before the See also:

NEWS

news of her return could leak out. The experiences of those terrible months permanently affected Miss Nightingale's See also:

HEALTH

health, but the quiet See also:

LIFE

life she afterwards led was full of usefulness. With the l5o,uoo raised in recognition of her services she founded the Nightingale Home for training nurses at St See also:

Thomas's and See also:

King's See also:

COLLEGE (Collegium)

College Hospitals.

She also turned her See also:

ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention to the question of army sanitary reform and army hospitals, and to the work of the Army Medical College at See also:

Chatham. In 1858 she published her Notes on Nursing, which gave an enormous stimulus to the study of this subject in England. According to Miss Nightingale nursing ought to signify the proper use of fresh See also:

air, See also:

LIGHT

light, warmth, cleanliness, quiet, and the selection and See also:

ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration of See also:

DIET

diet—all at the least expense of vital force to the patient. Miss Nightingale followed with See also:

INTEREST

interest all the later improvements in sanitation, and was frequently consulted about hospital plans both at home and abroad. With the help of the See also:

COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

County See also:

COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

Council Technical Instruction See also:

COMMITTEE (from commute, an Anglo-Fr. past participle of commettre, Lat. committere, to entrust; the modern Fr. equivalent comite is derived from the Eng.)

Committee she organized in 1892 a health crusade in See also:

Buckinghamshire. Teachers were 'sent round among the cottagers to give See also:

PRACTICAL

practical See also:

ADVICE (Fr. avis, from Lat. ad, to, and visum, viewed)

advice on such points as See also:

VENTILATION (Lat. ventilare, from ventus, wind)

ventilation, drainage, See also:

DISINFECTANTS

disinfectants, cleanliness, &c., a See also:

plan which, if widely carried out, would bring the most valuable knowledge to every home in England. She is understood to have See also:

DRAWN

drawn up a confidential report for the See also:

government on the working of the Army Medical See also:

CORPS (pronounced as in French, from which it is taken, being a late spelling of tors, from Lat. corpus, a body; cf. " corpse ")

Corps in the Crimea, and to have been officially consulted during the See also:

AMERICAN

American See also:

CIVIL

Civil War and the Franco-See also:

German See also:

Var. In 1907 she received the See also:

Order of Merit from King Edward- VII. She died in London on the 13th of See also:

AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1910. She is the subject of a beautiful poem by See also:

LONGFELLOW, HENRY WADSWORTH (1807-1882)

Longfellow, " See also:

SANTA

Santa Filomena," and the popular estimate of her See also:

CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character and See also:

MISSION

mission was summed up in a particularly felicitous See also:

ANAGRAM (Gr. ava, back, and ypa(beiv, to write)

anagram, Flit on, See also:

CHEERING

cheering See also:

ANGEL

angel.

End of Article: NIGHTINGALE, FLORENCE (1820–191o)

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