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CARDING

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Originally appearing in Volume V05, Page 324 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.

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CARDING , the See also:

PROCESS

process of using the " card " (See also:

Lat. carduus, a See also:

THISTLE

thistle or See also:

TEASEL

teasel) for combing textile fibrous materials. The practice of carding is of such See also:

GREAT

great antiquity that its origin cannot be traced. It consists in combing or brushing See also:

fibres until they are straight and placed in parallel lines; in doing this, imperfect fibres are separated from perfect ones, all impurities are removed, and the See also:

sound fibres are in See also:

CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition for further treatment. The teasels once used have See also:

long given See also:

PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place to See also:

hand See also:

CARDS, PLAYING

cards, and these in turn to what, in the rudest See also:

FORM (Lat. forma)

form, were known as " stock cards," namely, two See also:

WIRE (A.S. wir, a wire; cf. Swed. vire, to twist, M.H.G. wiere, a gold ornament, Lat. viriae, armlets, ultimately from the root wi, to twist, bind)

wire brushes, each 4 in. broad by 12 in. long, and having See also:

TEETH (O.E. Eel); plural of tooth, O.E. top)

teeth See also:

bent at a See also:

UNIFORM

uniform See also:

ANGLE (from the Lat. angulus, a corner, a diminutive, of which the primitive form, angus, does not occur in Latin; cognate are the Lat. angere, to compress into a bend or to strangle, and the Gr. ayKOS, a bend; both connected with the Aryan root ank-, to

angle. One was nailed upon a See also:

BENCH (an O.E. and Eng. form of a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Bank, Dan. baenk and the Eng. doublet " bank ")

bench with the teeth sloping from the operator, the other was similarly secured upon a two-handled See also:

bar with the teeth sloping towards the operator. The material to be treated was thinly spread upon the fixed card, and the movable one See also:

DRAWN

drawn by hand to and fro over it. When sufficiently carded, a See also:

rod furnished with parallel projecting needles, called a " See also:

NEEDLE (O. Eng. ncedl; the word appears in various forms in Teutonic languages, Ger. Nadel, Dutch naal, the root being ne-, to sew, cf. Ger. nahen, and probably Lat. nere, to spin, Gr. vi)ats, spinning)

needle stick," was pushed amongst the card teeth to See also:

STRIP

strip the fibres from the See also:

COMB (a word common in various forms to Teut. languages, cf. Ger. Kamm, the Indo-Europ. origin of which is seen in yoµros, a peg or pin, and Sanskrit, gambhas, a tooth)

comb. The strip thus procured was rolled into a sliver and spun. See also:

James Hargreaves, the inventor of the See also:

SPINNING (from O. Eng. spinnen, to spin, cf. Ger. spinnen, &c., the Teut. root is seen, to draw out, cf. span, spider)

spinning jenny, suspended the movable comb by passing two cords over pulleys fixed in the See also:

CEILING (from a verb " to ceil," i.e. to line or cover; of disputed etymology, but apparently connected with Fr. ciel, Lat. caelum, sky)

ceiling and attached See also:

BALANCE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. bilantia, an apparatus for weighing, from bi, two, and lanx, a dish or scale)

balance weights to opposite ends of the cords. This enabled him to lengthen the cards, to apply two or three to the same stock and to manipulate the See also:

TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

top one with less labour, as well as to produce more and better See also:

WORK

work. In May of 1748, See also:

Daniel Bourn, of See also:

LEOMINSTER

Leominster, patented a See also:

machine in which four parallel rollers were covered with cards, and set See also:

close together. Fibres were fed to the first rotating See also:

ROLLER

roller, each in turn See also:

drew them from the preceding one, and a grid was employed to remove the carded material from the last roller.

This introduced the principle of carding with revolvin g cylinders whose surfaces were clothed with cards working point to point. In See also:

DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December of the same See also:

YEAR

year See also:

Lewis See also:

Paul, of See also:

BIRMINGHAM

Birmingham, the inventor of See also:

DRAWING

drawing rollers, patented two types of carding engines. In one, parallel rows of spaced cards were nailed upon a See also:

CYLINDER (Gr. KvAwSpos, from KvXivaety, to roll)

cylinder which was revolved by a winch handle. Beneath the cylinder a See also:

CONCAVE

concave trough had a card fixed on the inside, so that as the fibres passed between the two See also:

SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of teeth they were combed. This was the origin of "See also:

FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat-carding," namely, nailing strips of stationary cards upon transverse pieces of See also:

wood and adjusting the strips or flats by screws to the cylinder. In 1762, the See also:

FATHER

father of See also:

Sir See also:

Robert See also:

Peel, with the assistance of Hargreaves, erected and used a cylinder carding See also:

engine which differed in some important particulars from Bourn's invention. But although roller-carding and flat-carding are the only principles in use at the See also:

PRESENT

present See also:

time, to Sir See also:

Richard See also:

ARKWRIGHT, SIR RICHARD (1732-1792)

Arkwright belongs the merit of introducing an automatic carding engine, for between the years 1773 and 1775 he combined the various improvements of his predecessors, entirely remodelled the-CARDS, PLAYING machine, and added parts which made the operation continuous. So successful were these cards that some of them were in use at the beginning of the present See also:

CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century. Not-withstanding the numerous and important changes that have been made since Arkwright's time, carding remains essentially the same as established by him. (See See also:

COTTON-SPINNING MACHINERY.) (T. W.

End of Article: CARDING

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