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ARLES
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ARLES , a See also:town of See also:south-eastern See also:France, See also:capital of an See also:arrondissement in the See also:department of Bouches-du-See also:Rhone, 54 M. N.W. of See also:Marseilles by See also:rail. Pop. (1906) 16,19r. A See also:canal unites Arles with the See also:harbour of Bouc on the Mediterranean. Arles stands on the See also:left See also:bank of the Rhone, just below the point at which the See also:river divides to See also:form its See also:delta. A tubular See also:bridge unites it with the suburb of Trinquetaille on the opposite bank. The town is hemmed in on the See also:east by the railway See also:line from See also:Lyons to Marseilles, on the south by the Canal de Craponne. Its streets are narrow and irregular, and, away from the promenades which border it on the south, there is little animation. In the centre of the town stand the See also:Place de la Republique, a spacious square overlooked by the hotel de vale, the museum, and the old See also:cathedral of St Trophime, the finest Romanesque See also: The interior, See also:plain in itself, contains interesting See also:sculpture. The See also:choir opens into a beautiful See also:cloister, the massive vaulting of which is supported on heavy piers adorned with statuary, between which intervene slender columns arranged in pairs and surmounted by delicately carved capitals. Two of the galleries are Romanesque, while two are See also:Gothic. Arles has two other churches of the Romanesque See also:period, and others of later date. The hotel de vale, a See also:building of the 17th century, contains the library. Its See also:clock See also:tower, surmounted by a statue of See also:Mars, dates from the previous century. The museum, occupying an old Gothic church, is particularly rich in See also:Roman remains and in See also:early See also:Christian sarcophagi; there is also a museum of Provencal curiosities. The tribunal of See also:commerce and the communal See also:college are the chief public institutions. Arles is not a busy town and its See also:port is of little importance. There are, however, See also:flour See also:mills, oil and See also:soap See also:works, and the See also:Paris-See also:Lyon-Mediterranee Railway See also:Company have large See also:work-shops. See also:Sheep-breeding is a considerable See also:industry in the vicinity. The See also:women of Arles have See also:long enjoyed a reputation for marked beauty, but the distinctive type is fast disappearing owing to their intermarriage with strangers who have immigrated to the town. Arles still possesses many monuments of Roman See also:architecture and See also:art, the most remarkable being the ruins of an See also:amphitheatre (the Arenes), capable of containing 25,000 spectators, which, in the 11th and 12th centuries, was flanked with massive towers, of which three are still See also:standing. There are also a See also:theatre, in which, besides the famous See also:Venus of Arles, discovered in 1651, many other remains have been found; an See also:ancient See also:obelisk of a single See also:block, 47 ft. high, standing since 1676 in the Place de la Republique; the ruins of the See also:palace of See also:Constantine, the See also:forum, the thermae and the remains of the Roman ramparts and of aqueducts. There is, besides, a Roman See also:cemetery known as the Aliscamps (Elysii See also:Campi), consisting of a See also:short See also:avenue once bordered by tombs, of which a few still remain.
The ancient town, Arelate, was an important place at the See also:time of the invasion of See also:Julius See also:Caesar, who made it a See also:settlement for his veterans. It was pillaged in A.D. 270, but restored and embellished by Constantine, who made it his See also:principal See also:residence, and founded what is now the suburb of Trinquetaille. Under See also:Honorius, it became the seat of the prefecture of the Gauls and one of the foremost cities in the western See also:empire. Its bishopric founded by St Trophimus in the 1st century, was in the 5th century the primatial see of See also:Gaul; it was suppressed in 1790. After the fall of the Roman empire the See also:city passed into the See also:power of the Visigoths, and rapidly declined. It was plundered in 730 by the See also:Saracens, but in the loth century became the capital of the See also:kingdom of Arles (see below). In the 12th century it was a See also:free city, governed by a See also:podesta and consuls after the See also:model of the See also:Italian republics, which it also emulated incommerce and See also:navigation. In 1251 it submitted to See also: A number of ecclesiastical synods. have been held at Arles, as in 314 (see below), 354, 452 and 475. See V. Clair, Monumentsd'Arles (1837) ; J. J. Estrangin, Description de la vale d'Arles (•1845); F. Beissier,.Le Pays d'Arles (1889); See also:Roger Peyre, See also:Nimes, Arles, See also:Orange (1903). (R. TR.) See also:Synod of Arles (314).—As negotiations held at See also:Rome in See also:October 313 had failed to See also:settle the dispute between the Catholics and the See also:Donatists, the See also:emperor Constantine summoned the first See also:general See also:council of his western See also:half of the empire to meet at Arles by the 1st of See also:August following. The See also:attempt of Seeck to date the synod 316 presupposes that the emperor was See also:present in See also:person, which is highly improbable. See also:Thirty-three bishops are included in the most See also:authentic See also:list of signatures, among them three from See also:Britain,—York, See also:London and " Colonia Londinensium " (probably a corruption of Lindensium, of See also:Lincoln, rather than of Legionensium or See also:Caerleon-on-See also:Usk). The twenty-two canons See also:deal chiefly with the discipline of See also:clergy and. See also:people. Husbands of adulterous wives are advised not to remarry during the lifetime of the guilty party. Reiteration of See also:baptism in the name of the Trinity is forbidden. For the See also:consecration of a See also:bishop at least three bishops are required. It is noteworthy that See also:British representatives assented to See also:Canon I., providing that See also:Easter be everywhere celebrated on the same See also:day: the later divergence between Rome and the See also:Celtic church is due to improvements in the supputatio See also:Romana adopted at Rome in 343 and subsequently.
For the canons see Mansi ii. 471 ff.; Bruns ii. ro7 ff.;,Lauchert 26 if. See also W. See also: 238 ff.; W. Moller, Kirchengeschichte (2nd edition by H. von See also:Schubert, See also:Tubingen, 1902), i. 417. For full titles see COUNCIL. (W. W. Additional information and CommentsThere are no comments yet for this article.
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