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See also:HAYES, See also:RUTHERFORD BIRCHARD (1822–1893) , nineteenth See also:president of the See also:United States, was See also:born in See also:Delaware, See also:Ohio, on the 4th of See also:October 1822. He received his first See also:education in the See also:common See also:schools, graduated in 1842 at See also:Kenyon See also:College, See also:Gambier, Ohio, and was a student at the See also:law school of Harvard University from 1843 until his See also:graduation in 1845. He was admitted to the See also:bar in 1845, and practised law, first at See also:Lower See also:Sandusky (now See also:Fremont), and then at See also:Cincinnati, where he won a very respectable See also:standing, and in 1858–1861 served as See also:city See also:solicitor. In politics he was at first an See also:anti-See also:slavery Whig and then from the See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time of its organization in 1854 until his See also:death was a member of the Republican party. In See also:December 1852 he married See also:Lucy See also:Ware See also:Webb of See also:Chillicothe, Ohio, who survived him. After the breaking out of the See also:Civil See also:War the See also:governor of Ohio, on the 7th of See also:June 1861, appointed him a See also:major of a volunteer See also:regiment, and in See also:July he was sent to western See also:Virginia for active service. He served throughout the war, distinguished himself particularly at See also:South See also:Mountain, See also:Winchester, See also:Fisher's See also:- HILL
- HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
- HILL, A
- HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
- HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
- HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
- HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
- HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
- HILL, JAMES J
- HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
- HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
- HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
- HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
- HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)
Hill and See also:Cedar See also:Creek, and by successive promotions' became a brigadier-See also:general of See also:volunteers and, by See also:brevet, a major-generalof volunteers. While still in the See also:- FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
- FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
- FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
- FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
- FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
- FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
- FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
- FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
- FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
- FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
- FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)
field he was elected a member of the See also:National See also:House of Representatives, and took his seat in December 1865. He was re-elected in 1866, and supported the reconstruction See also:measures advocated by his party. From 1868 to 1872 he was governor of Ohio. In 1873 he removed from Cincinnati to Fremont, his intention being to withdraw from public See also:life; but in 1875 the Republican party in Ohio once more selected him as its See also:candidate for the governorship. He accepted the nomination with See also:great reluctance. The Democrats adopted a See also:platform declaring in favour of indefinitely enlarging the See also:volume of the irredeemable See also:paper currency which the Civil War had See also:left behind it. Hayes stoutly advocated the speediest practicable resumption of specie payments, and carried the See also:election. The " See also:sound-See also:money See also:campaign " in Ohio having attracted the See also:attention of the whole See also:country, Hayes was marked out as a candidate for the See also:presidency, and he obtained the nomination of the Republican National See also:Convention of 1876, his See also:chief competitor being See also:- JAMES
- JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
- JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
- JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
- JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
- JAMES, EPISTLE OF
- JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
- JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
- JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
- JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)
James G. See also:Blaine. The candidate of the Democratic party, See also:Samuel J. See also:Tilden, by his reputation as a states-See also:man and a reformer of uncommon ability, See also:drew many Republican votes. An excited controversy having arisen about the result of the balloting in the states of South Carolina, See also:Florida, See also:Oregon and See also:Louisiana, the two parties in See also:Congress in See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order to allay a crisis dangerous to public See also:peace agreed to pass an See also:act referring all contested election returns to an extraordinary See also:commission, called the " Electoral Commission " (q.v.), which decided each contest by eight against seven votes in favour of the Republican candidates. Hayes was accordingly on the 2nd of See also:March 1877 declared duly elected.
During his See also:administration President Hayes devoted his efforts mainly to civil service reform, resumption of specie payments and the pacification of the See also:Southern States, recently in See also:rebellion. In order to win the co-operation of the See also:- WHITE
- WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
- WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
- WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
- WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
- WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
- WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
- WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
- WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
- WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
- WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
- WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
- WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
- WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)
white See also:people in the South in maintaining peace and order, he put himself in communication with their leaders. He then withdrew the Federal troops which since the Civil War had been stationed at the southern See also:State capitals. An end was thus made of the " See also:carpet-bag governments " conducted by Republican politicians from the See also:North, some of which were very corrupt, and had been upheld mainly by the Federal forces. This policy found much favour with the people generally, but displeased many of the Republican politicians, because it loosened the hold of the Republican party upon the Southern States. Though it did not secure to the negroes sufficient See also:protection in the exercise of their See also:political rights, it did much to extinguish the animosities still existing between the two sections of the See also:Union and to promote the material prosperity of the South. President Hayes endeavoured in vain to induce Congress to appropriate money for a Civil Service Commission; and whenever he made an effort to restrict the operation of the traditional " spoils See also:system," he met the strenuous opposition of a See also:majority of the most powerful politicians of his party. Nevertheless the system of competitive See also:examinations for appointments was introduced in some of the great executive departments in See also:Washington, and in the See also:custom-house and the See also:post-See also:- OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")
office in New See also:York. Moreover, he ordered that " no officer should be required or permitted to take See also:part in the management of political organizations, caucuses, conventions or election See also:campaigns," and that " no See also:assessment for political purposes on See also:officers or subordinates should be allowed "; and he removed from their offices the heads of the post-office in St See also:- LOUIS
- LOUIS (804–876)
- LOUIS (893–911)
- LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
- LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian
Louis and of the custom-house in New York—influential party managers—on the ground that they had misused their See also:official positions for See also:partisan ends. In New York the three men removed were See also:Chester A. See also:Arthur, the See also:collector; Alonzo B. Cornell, the See also:naval officer of the See also:Port; and See also:George H. See also:Sharpe, the surveyor of the customs. While these measures were of limited See also:- SCOPE (through Ital. scopo, aim, purpose, intent, from Gr. o'KOaos, mark to shoot at, aim, o ic07reiv, to see, whence the termination in telescope, microscope, &c.)
scope and effect, they served greatly to facilitate the more extensive reform of the civil service which subsequently took See also:place, though at the same time they alienated a powerful See also:faction of the Republican party in New York under the leadership of See also:Roscoe See also:Conkling. Although the resumption of specie payments had been provided for, to begin at a given
time by the Resumption Act of See also:January 1875, opposition to it did not cease. A See also:bill went through both Houses of Congress providing that a See also:silver See also:dollar should be coined of the See also:weight of 4121 grains, to be full legal See also:tender for all debts and dues, public and private, except where otherwise expressly stipulated in the See also:contract. President Hayes returned this bill with his See also:veto, but the veto was overruled in both Houses of Congress. Meanwhile, however, the preparations for the return to specie payments were continued by the Administration with unflinching constancy and on the 1st of January 1879 specie payments were resumed without difficulty. None of the evils predicted appeared. A marked revival of business and a See also:period of general prosperity ensued. In his See also:annual See also:message of the 1st of December 1879 President Hayes urged the suspension of the silver coinage and also the withdrawal of the United States legal tender notes, but Congress failed to act upon the recommendation. His ad-ministration also did much to ameliorate the See also:condition of the See also:Indian tribes and to See also:arrest the spoliation of the public See also:forest lands.
Although President Hayes was not popular with the professional politicians of his own party, and was exposed to See also:bitter attacks on the part of the Democratic opposition on See also:account of the See also:cloud which hung over his election, his conduct of public affairs gave much See also:satisfaction to the peopl: generally. In the presidential election of 188o the Republican party carried the See also:day after an unusually quiet See also:canvass, a result largely due to popular contentment with the then existing state of public affairs. On the 4th of March 1881 President Hayes retired to his See also:home at Fremont, Ohio. Various See also:universities and colleges conferred honorary degrees upon him. His remaining years he devoted to active participation in philanthropic enterprises; thus he served as president of the National See also:Prison Association and of the See also:Board of Trustees chosen to administer the See also:John F. See also:Slater fund for the promotion of See also:industrial education among the negroes of the South, and was a member, also, of the Board of Trustees of the See also:Peabody Education fund for the promotion of education in the South. He died at Fremont, after a See also:short illness, on the 17th of January 1893.
There is no adequate See also:biography, but three " campaign lives " may be mentioned: Life, Public Services and Select Speeches of Rutherford B. Hayes, by James See also:Quay See also:Howard (Cincinnati, 1876); Life of R. B. Hayes, by See also:- WILLIAM
- WILLIAM (1143-1214)
- WILLIAM (1227-1256)
- WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
- WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
- WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
- WILLIAM, 13TH
William D. See also:Howells (New York, 1876); and a Life by See also:- RUSSELL (FAMILY)
- RUSSELL, ISRAEL COOK (1852- )
- RUSSELL, JOHN (1745-1806)
- RUSSELL, JOHN (d. 1494)
- RUSSELL, JOHN RUSSELL, 1ST EARL (1792-1878)
- RUSSELL, JOHN SCOTT (1808–1882)
- RUSSELL, LORD WILLIAM (1639–1683)
- RUSSELL, SIR WILLIAM HOWARD
- RUSSELL, THOMAS (1762-1788)
- RUSSELL, WILLIAM CLARK (1844– )
Russell H. Conwell (See also:Boston, 1876). See also See also:Paul L. See also:Haworth, The Hayes-Tilden Disputed Presidential Election of 1876 (See also:Cleveland, O., 1906). (C.
End of Article: HAYES, RUTHERFORD BIRCHARD (1822–1893)
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