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FLORIDA

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Originally appearing in Volume V10, Page 545 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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FLORIDA , the most See also:

southern of the See also:United States of See also:America, situated between 240 30' and 31° N. See also:lat. and 79° 48' and 87° 38' W. See also:long. It is bounded N. by See also:Georgia and See also:Alabama, E. by the See also:Atlantic Ocean, S. by the Strait of Florida, which separates it from See also:Cuba, and by the Gulf of See also:Mexico, and W, by Alabama and the Gulf. The Florida Keys, a See also:chain of islands extending in a See also:general See also:south-See also:westerly direction from Biscayne See also:Bay, are included in the See also:state boundaries, and the See also:city of See also:Key See also:West, on an See also:island of the same name, is the seat of See also:justice of See also:Monroe See also:county. The See also:total See also:area of the state is 58,666 sq. m., of which 3805 sq. m. are See also:water See also:surface. The See also:coast See also:line is greater than that of any other state, extending.472 in. on the Atlantic and 674 M. on the Gulf Coast. The See also:peculiar outline of Florida gives it the name of " See also:Peninsula State." The See also:average See also:elevation of the surface of the state above the See also:sea-level is less than that of any other state except See also:Louisiana, but there is not the monotony of unbroken level which descriptions and maps often suggest. The N.W. portion of the state is, topographically, similar to south-eastern Alabama, being a See also:rolling, hilly See also:country; the eastern See also:section is a See also:part of the Atlantic coastal See also:plain; the western coast line is less See also:regular than the eastern, being indented by a number of bays and harbours, the largest of which are See also:Charlotte See also:Harbour, See also:Tampa Bay and See also:Pensacola Bay. Along much of the western coast and along nearly the whole of the eastern coast extends a line of See also:sand reefs and narrow islands, enclosing shallow and narrow bodies of water, such as See also:Indian See also:river and See also:Lake Worth—called See also:rivers, lakes, lagoons, bays and harbours. In the central part of the state there is a See also:ridge, extending N. and S. and forming a See also:divide, separating the streams of the See also:east coast from those of the west. Its highest elevation above sea-level is about 300 ft. .The central region is remarkable for its large number of lakes, approximately 30,000 between See also:Gainesville in Alachua county, and Lake Okeechobee. They are due largely to sinkholes or depressions caused by See also:solution of the See also:limestone of the region.

Many of the lakes are connected by subterranean channels, and a See also:

change in the surface of one lake is often accompanied by a change in the surface of another. By far the largest of these lakes, nearly all of them shallow, is Lake Okeechobee, a See also:body of water about 1250 sq. m. in area and almost uniformly shallow, its See also:depth seldom being greater than 15 ft. Caloosahatchee river, flowing into the Gulf of Mexico near Charlotte Harbour, is its See also:principal outlet. Among the other lakes are See also:Orange, See also:Crescent, See also:George, See also:Weir, See also:Harris, Eustis, Apopka, Tohopekaliga, Kissimmee and Istokpoga. The See also:chief featureof the southern portion of the state is the See also:Everglades (q.v.), the See also:term " Everglade State " being popularly applied to Florida. Within the state there are many swamps, the largest of which are the Big See also:Cypress Swamp in the S. adjoining the Everglades on the W., and Okefinokee Swamp, extending from Georgia into the N.E. part of the state. A peculiar feature of the drainage of the state is the large number of subterranean streams and of springs, always found to a greater or less extent in limestone regions. Some of them are of See also:great See also:size. See also:Silver See also:Spring and See also:Blue Spring in See also:Marion county, Blue Spring and Orange City See also:Mineral Spring in Volusia county, Chipola Spring near Marianna in See also:Jackson county, Espiritu Santo Spring near Tampa in Hillsboro county, See also:Magnolia Springs in See also:Clay county, Suwanee Springs in Suwanee county, See also:White See also:Sulphur Springs in See also:Hamilton county, the Wekiva Springs in Orange county, and Wakulla Spring, See also:Newport Sulphur Spring and See also:Panacea Mineral Spring in Wakulla county are the most noteworthy. Many of the springs have curative properties, one of them, the See also:Green See also:Cove Spring in Clay county, discharging about 3000 gallons of sulphuretted water per See also:minute. Not far from St See also:Augustine a spring bursts through the sea itself with such force that the ocean breakers See also:roll back from it as from a sunken See also:reef. The springs often See also:merge into lakes, and lake systems are usually the See also:sources of the rivers, Lake George being the principal source of the St Johns, and Lake Kissimmee of the Kissimmee, while a number of smaller lakes are the source of the Oklawaha, one of the most beautiful of the Floridian rivers.

Of the rivers the most important are the St Johns, which flows N. from about the See also:

middle of the peninsula, empties into the Atlantic a See also:short distance below See also:Jacksonville; and is navigable for about 250 M. from its mouth, the Withlacoochee, flowing in a general See also:north-westerly direction from its source in the N.E. part of See also:Polk county, and forming near its entrance into the Gulf of Mexico the boundary between See also:Levy and Citrus counties, and four rivers, the Escambia, the Choctawatchee, the See also:Apalachicola, and the Suwanee, having their sources in other states and traversing the north-western part of Florida. On See also:account of its sand reefs, the east coast has not so many harbours as the west coast. The most important harbours are at See also:Fernandina, St Augustine, and See also:Miami on the E. coast, and at Tampa, Key West and Pensacola on the W. coast. The soils of Florida have sand as a See also:common ingredient., They may be divided into three classes: the See also:pine lands, which often have a surface of dark See also:vegetable See also:mould, under which is a sandy See also:loam resting on a substratum of clay, See also:marl or limestone—areas of such See also:soil are found throughout the state; the " hammocks," which have soil of similar ingredients and are interspersed with the pine lands—large areas of this soil. occur in Levy, Alachua, Citrus, Hernando, Pasco, See also:Gadsden, See also:Leon, See also:Madison, See also:Jefferson and Jackson counties; and the alluvial swamp lands, chiefly in E. and S. Florida, the richest class, which require drainage to See also:fit them for cultivation. As regards See also:climate Florida may be divided into three more or less distinct zones. North and west of a line passing through See also:Cedar Keys and Fernandina the climate is distinctly " southern," similar to that of the Gulf states; from this line to another extending from the mouth of the Caloosahatchee to Indian river inlet the climate is semi-tropical,, and is well suited to the cultivation of oranges; S. of this the climate is sub-tropical, well adapted to the cultivation of pineapples.' ' Since , the semi-tropical and sub-tropical zones are nearer the course of the Gulf Stream, and are swept by the See also:trade winds, their temperatures are more See also:uniform than those of the zones of southern climate; indeed, the extremes of See also:heat (103° F.) and See also:cold (13° F.) are See also:felt in the region of southern climate. The mean See also:annual temperature of the state is 70•8° F., greater in the sub-tropical than in the other climate zones, and the Atlantic coast is in general warmer than the Gulf Coast. The rainfall averages 52.09 in. per annum. On account of its warm climate, Florida has many resorts for See also:health and See also:pleasure, which are especially popular in the See also:season from See also:January to See also:April; the more important are St Augustine, See also:Ormond, Daytona, See also:Palm See also:Beach, Miami, Tampa, White Springs, See also:Hampton Springs, Worthington Springs and Orange Springs. No metals have ever been discovered in Florida. The principal minerals are See also:rock phosphate and (recently more important) See also:land and river pebble phosphate, found in scattered deposits in a See also:belt on the " west coast about 30 M. wide and extending from See also:Tallahassee to Lake Okeechobee.

The centre of the quarries is Dunnellon. in Marion county, and pebble phosphate is found in Hillsboro, Polk, De See also:

Soto, See also:Osceola, Citrus and Hernando counties. Although the economic value of the phosphate deposits was first realized about 1889, between 1894 and. 1907 Florida produced, each See also:year, more than See also:half of all the phosphate rock produced in the whole United States, the yield of Florida (1,357,365 long tons) in 1907 being valued at $6,577,757; that of the whole country at $10,653,558. Florida is also the principal source in the United States for See also:fuller's See also:earth, a See also:deposit of which, near See also:Quincy, was first discovered in 1893; and clay (including See also:kaolin) is also See also:mined to some extent. Other minerals that have been discovered but have not been industrially See also:developed are See also:gypsum, See also:lignite and See also:cement rock. The lack of a thorough See also:geological survey has perhaps prevented the See also:discovery of other minerals—certainly it is responsible for a See also:late recognition of the economic value of the known mineral resources. The See also:flora of N. Florida is similar to that of south-eastern North America ; that of S. Florida seems to be a See also:link between the vegetation of North America and that of South America and the West Indies, for out of 247 See also:species of S. Florida that have been examined, 187 are common to the West Indies, Mexico and South America. The forests See also:cover approximately 37,700 sq. m., chiefly in the See also:northern part of the state, including about half of the peninsula, yellow pine being predominant, except in the coastal See also:marsh lands, where cypress, found throughout the state, particularly abounds. About half of the varieties of See also:forest trees in the United States are found, and Almost everywhere limestone is the underlying rock, but siliceous sands, brought out by the Atlantic rivers to the N.E., are carried the whole length of the Florida coast by marine See also:action.among the peculiar species are the red bay or Florida See also:Mahogany," satinwood and cachibou, and the Florida See also:yew and savin, both almost See also:extinct.

The See also:

lumber See also:industry is important : in 1905, the total factory product of lumber and See also:timber was valued at $10,901,650, and lumber and planing See also:mill products were valued at $1,690,455. In 1900 this was the most valuable industry in the state; in 1905 it was second to the manufacture of See also:tobacco. The See also:fauna is similar in general to that of the southern United States. Among the animals are the See also:puma, manatee (sea cow), See also:alligator and See also:crocodile, but the number of these has been greatly diminished by See also:hunting. Ducks, See also:wild turkeys, bears and wild See also:cats (See also:lynx) are found, but in decreasing See also:numbers. The See also:fisheries are very valuable; the total number of species of See also:fish in Florida See also:waters is about 600, and many species found on one coast are not found on the other. The See also:king fish and tarpon are hunted for See also:sport, while See also:mullet, See also:shad, redsnappers, pompano, See also:trout, See also:sheepshead and See also:Spanish See also:mackerel are of great economic value. The sponge and See also:oyster fisheries are also important. The total product of the fisheries in 1902 was valued at about $2,000,000. Industry and See also:Commerce.—The principal occupation is See also:agriculture, in which 44% of the labouring See also:population was engaged in woo, but only 12.6% of the total land surface was enclosed in farms, of which only 34.6% was improved, and the total agricultural product for 1899. was valued at $18,309,104.. As the number of farms increased faster than the cultivated area from 1850 to 1900, the average size of farms declined from 444 acres in 186o to 140 in 1880 and to 1o6.9 in 1900, the largest class of farms being those with an acreage varying from 20 to 50 acres. Nearly three-fourths of the farms, in 1900, were cultivated by their owners, but the See also:cash tenantry See also:system showed an increase of t00% since 189o, being most extensively used in the See also:cotton counties.

One-third of the farms were operated by negroes, but one-half of these farms were rented, and the value of See also:

negro See also:farm See also:property was only one-eighth that of the entire farm property of the state. According to the state See also:census of 1905 only 1,621,362 acres were improved; of 45,984 farms, 31,233 were worked by whites. Fruits normally See also:form the principal See also:crop; the total value for 1907-8 of the See also:fruit crops of the state (including oranges, lemons, limes, See also:grape-fruit, bananas, guavas, See also:pears, peaches, grapes, See also:figs, pecans, &c.) was $6,160,299, according to the See also:report of the State See also:Department of Agriculture, The discovery of Florida's adaptability to the culture of oranges about 1875 may be taken as the beginning of the state's See also:modern See also:industrial development. But the unusual severity of the winters of 1887, x894 and 1899 (the report of the Twelfth Census which gives the figures for this year being therefore misleading) destroyed three-fourths of the orange trees, and caused an increased See also:attention to stock-raising, and to various agricultural products. Orange culture has recovered much of its importance, but it is carried on in the more southern counties of the state. The cultivation of pineapples, in sub-tropical Florida, is proving successful, the product far surpassing that of See also:California, the only other state in the See also:Union in which pineapples are grown. Grape-fruit, guavas and lemons are also successfully produced in this part of the state. The cultivation of strawberries and vegetables (See also:cabbage, cauliflower, See also:beets, beans, tomatoes, See also:egg-plant, cucumbers, water-melons, See also:celery, &c.) for northern markets, and of See also:orchard fruits, especially plums, pears and prunes, has likewise proved successful. In 1907-8, according to the State Department of Agriculture, the total value of vegetable and See also:garden products was $3,928,657. In 1903, according to the See also:statistics of the United States Department of Agriculture, Indian See also:corn ranked next to fruits (as given in the state reports), but its product as compared with that of various other states is unimportant—in 1907 it amounted to 7,017,000 bushels only; See also:rice is the only other cereal whose yield in 1899 was greater than that of 1889, but the Florida product was surpassed (in 1899) by that of the Carolinas, Georgia, Louisiana and See also:Texas; in, 1907 the product of rice in Florida (69,000 bushels) was less than that of Texas, Louisiana, South Carolina, See also:Arkansas. and Georgia severally. Tobacco culture, which declined after 186o on account of the competition of Cuba and See also:Sumatra, has revived since 1885 through the introduction of Cuban and. Sumatran See also:seed; the product of 1907 (6,937,500 lb) was more than six times that of 1899, the product in 1899 (1,125,600 lb) being more than twice that of 1889 (470,443 lb), which in turn was more than twenty times that for 188o (21,182 lb)—the smallest See also:production recorded for many decades.

In 1907 the average farm See also:

price of tobacco was 45 cents per lb higher than that of any other state. In 189g, 84% of the product was raised in Gadsden county. The sweet See also:potato and See also:pea-See also:nut crops have also become very valuable; on the other See also:hand the Census of 1900 showed a decline in acreage and production of cotton. In 1907 the acreage (265,000 acres) was less than in any cotton-growing state except See also:Missouri and See also:Virginia; the crop for 1907-1908 was 49,794 See also:bales. Sea-island cotton of very high grade is grown in Alachua county. The production of See also:sugar, begun by the See also:early Spanish settlers, declined, but that of See also:syrup increased. Pecan nuts are a promising crop, and many groves were planted after 1905. In 1900 there were more than 1,900,000 acres of land in the state unoccupied. The See also:low lands of the South are being drained partly by the state and partly by private companies. See also:Irrigation, introduced in 1888 by the orange growers, has been adopted by other farmers, especially the tobacco-growers of Gadsden county, and so the evil effects of the droughts, so common from See also:February to See also:June, are avoided. The value of farm property in the southern counties, which have been developed very recently, shows a steady increase, that of Hillsboro county surpassing the other counties of the state. In 1907-8, according to the state Department of Agriculture, the total value of all See also:field crops (cotton, cereals, sugar-See also:cane, See also:hay and See also:forage, sweet potatoes, &c.) was $11,856,340, and the total value of all farm products (including live stock, $20,817,804, poultry and products, $1,688,433, and See also:dairy products, $1,728,642) was $46,371,320.

The manufactures of Florida, as compared with those of other states, are unimportant. Their product in 1900 was more than twice the product in 189o, and the product in 1905 (from establishments under the factory system only) was $50,298,290, i.e., 47.1% greater than in 1900. The most important See also:

industries were those that depended upon the forests, their product amounting. to nearly 45 % of the entire manufactured product of the state. The lumber and timber products were valued in 1905 at $10,901,650, almost twice their valuation in 1890, and an increase of 1.2 % over the product of 1900. The manufacture of See also:turpentine and See also:rosin, material for which is obtained from the pine forests, had increased greatly in importance between 1890 and 1900, the product in 18990 being valued at only $191,859, that of 1900 at $6,469,605, and from the latter sum it increased in 1905 to $9,901,905, an increase -of more than one-half. In 1900 the state ranked second and in 1905 first of all the states of the country in the value of this product; in 1905 the state's product amounted to 41.4% of that of the entire country. The manufacture of cigars and cigarettes (almost entirely of cigars, few cigarettes being manufactured), carried on chiefly by Cubans at Key West and Tampa, also increased in importance between 1890 and 1900, the products in the latter year being valued at $10,735,826, or more than one-See also:quarter more than in 1890, and in 1905 there was a further increase of 56.2 %, the See also:gross value being $16,764,276, or nearly one-third of the total factory product of the state. In 1900 Florida ranked See also:fourth in the manufacture of tobacco among the states of the Union, being surpassed by New See also:York, See also:Pennsylvania and See also:Ohio; in 1905 it ranked third (after New York and Pennsylvania). Most of the tobacco used is imported from Cuba, though, as has been indicated, the production of the state has greatly, increased since 1880. In the manufacture of fertilizers, the raw material for which is derived from the phosphate beds, Florida's aggregate product in 1900 was valued at $500,239, and in 1905 at $1,590,371, an increase of 217.9 % in five years. Florida's industrial progress has been mainly since the See also:Civil See also:War, for before that conflict a large part of the state was practically undeveloped. An important See also:influence has been the See also:railways.

In 188o the total railway mileage was 518 m.; in 1890 it was 2489 m.; in 1900, 3255 m., and in January 1909, 4,004.92 M. The largest system is the Atlantic Coast Line, the lines of which in Florida were built or consolidated by H. B. Plant (1819-1899) and once formed a part of the so-called " Plant System " of railways. The Florida East Coast Railway is also the product of one See also:

man's faith in the country, that of See also:Henry M. Flagler (b. 1830). The Seaboard See also:Air Line, the See also:Louisville & See also:Nashville, and the Georgia Southern & Florida are the other important railways. The Southern railway penetrates the state as far as Jacksonville, over the tracks of the Atlantic Coast Line. A state railway See also:commission, whose members are elected by the See also:people, has powerto enforce its See also:schedule of See also:freight rates except when such rates would not pay the operating expenses of the railway. In 1882 the Florida East Coast Line See also:Canal and Transportation Co. w as organized to develop a waterway from Jacksonville to Biscayne Bay by connecting with canals the St Johns, See also:Matanzas, and See also:Halifax rivers, See also:Mosquito See also:Lagoon, Indian river, Lake See also:Worth. Hillsboro river, New river, and Snake See also:Creek; in 1908 this vast undertaking was completed.

The development of marine commerce has been retarded by unimproved harbours, but Fernandina and Pensacola harbours have always been See also:

good. Since 1890 much has been done by the See also:national See also:Government, aided in many cases by the See also:local authorities and by private enterprise, to improve the harbours and to extend the Emits of river See also:navigation. With the increase of trade between the United States and the West Indies following the Spanish-See also:American War (1898), the business of the principal ports, notably of Fernandina, Tampa and Pensacola, greatly increased. Population.—The population of Florida in 188o was 269,493; in 189o, 391,422, an increase of 45.2%; and in 190o, 52g,542, or a further increase of 35% ; and in 1905, by a state census, 614,845; and in 1910, 752,619. In 1900, 95.5 % were native See also:born, 43.7% were coloured (including 479 See also:Chinese, See also:Japanese and See also:Indians), and in 1905 the percentages were little altered. The See also:Seminole Indians, whose number is not definitely known, live in and near the Everglades. The See also:urban population on the basis of places having a population of 4000 or more was 16.6% of the total in 19oo and 22'7% in 1905, the percentage for Florida, as for other Southern States. being small as compared with the percentage for most of the other states of the Union. In 1900 there were 92, and, in 1905, 125 incorporated cities, towns and villages; but only 14 (in 1905, 22) of these had a population of over 2000, and only 4 (in 1905, 8) a population of more than 5000. The four in 1900 were: Jacksonville (28,429); Pensacola (17,747); Key West. (17,114); and Tampa (15,839). The eight in 1905 were Jacksonville (35,301), Tampa (22,823), Pensacola (21,505), Key West (20,498), Live See also:Oak (7200), Lake 'City (6409), Gainesville (5413), and St Augustine(5121). Tallahassee is the See also:capital of the state.

In 1906 the See also:

Baptists were the strongest religious See also:denomination; the Methodists ranked second, while the See also:Roman See also:Catholic, Presbyterian and See also:Protestant Episcopal churches were of relatively See also:minor importance. Government.—The See also:present constitution was framed in 1885 and was ratified by the people in 1886. Its most important feature, when compared with the previous constitution of 1868, is its See also:provision for the choice of state officials other than the See also:governor (who, was previously chosen by See also:election) by elections instead of by the governor's See also:appointment, but the governor, who serves for four years and is not eligible for the next succeeding term, still appoints the See also:circuit See also:judges, the state attorneys for each judicial circuit and the county commissioners; he may fill certain vacancies and may suspend, and with the See also:Senate remove See also:officers not liable to See also:impeachment. The governor is a member of the See also:Board of Pardons, the other members being the See also:attorney-general, the secretary of state, the See also:comptroller and the See also:commissioner of agriculture; he and the secretary of state, attorney-general, comptroller, treasurer, See also:superintendent of public instruction, and commissioner of agriculture comprise a Board of Commissioners of State Institutions; he is also a member of the Board of See also:Education. The See also:office of See also:lieutenant-governor was abolished by the present constitution. The legislature meets biennially, the senators being chosen for four, the representatives for two years. By an See also:amendment of 1896 the Senate consists of not more than 32, and the See also:House of Representatives of not more than 68 members; by a two-thirds See also:vote of members present the legislature maypass a See also:bill over the governor's See also:veto. The three judges of the Supreme See also:Court and the seven of the circuit court serve for six years, those of the county courts for four years, and justices of the See also:peace (one for each justice See also:district, of which the county commissioners must form at least two in each county) hold office for four years. The constitutional qualifications for See also:suffrage are: the See also:age of twenty-one years, citizenship in the United States or presentation of See also:naturalization certificates at See also:registration centres, See also:residence in the state one year and in the county six months, and registration. To these requirements the See also:payment of a See also:poll-tax has been added by legislative enactment, such an enactment having been authorized by the constitution. Insane persons and persons under See also:guardian-See also:ship are excluded by the constitution, and " all persons convicted of See also:bribery, See also:perjury, See also:larceny or of infamous See also:crime, or who shall make or become directly or indirectly interested in any See also:bet or See also:wager the result of which shall depend upon any election," or who shall participate as principal, second or challenger in any See also:duel, are excluded by legislative enactment. Amendments to the constitution may be made by a three-fifths vote of each house of the legislature, ratified by a See also:majority vote of the people.

A revision of the Constitution may be made upon a two-thirds vote of all members of both Houses of the legislature, if ratified by a majority vote of the people; a Constitutional See also:

Convention is then to be provided for by the legislature, such convention to meet within six months of ,he passage of the See also:law therefor, and to consist of a number equal to the membership of the, House of Representatives, apportioned among the counties, as are the members of this House. A See also:homestead of 16o acres, or of one-half of an See also:acre in an incorporated See also:town or city, owned by the See also:head of a See also:family residing in the state, with See also:personal property to the value of $1000 and the improvements on the real See also:estate, is exempt from enforced See also:sale except for delinquent taxes, See also:purchase See also:money, See also:mortgage or improvements on the property. The wife holds in her own name property acquired before or after See also:marriage; the inter-marriage of whites and negroes (or persons of negro descent to the fourth See also:generation) is prohibited. All these are constitutional provisions. By legislative enactment whites and blacks living in See also:adultery are to be punished by imprisonment or See also:fine; divorces may be secured, only after two years' residence in the state and on the ground of See also:physical incapacity, adultery, extreme See also:cruelty, habitual See also:indulgence in violent See also:temper, habitual See also:drunkenness, See also:desertion for one year, previous marriage still existing, or such relationship of the parties as is within the degrees for which marriage is prohibited by law. See also:Legitimacy of natural See also:children can be established by subsequent marriage of the parents, and the age of consent is sixteen years. The bonded See also:debt was incurred during the Reconstruction See also:Period (1865-1875). In 1871 7 % 30 year bonds to the extent of $350,000 were issued and in 1873 another issue of 6% 30 year bonds to the value of $925,000 was made. Most of these were held by the Educational Fund at the See also:time of their maturity. By 1901 all but $267,700 of the issue of 1871 had been retired and this amount was then refunded with 3% 50 year bonds which were taken by the Educational Fund. In 1903 $616,800 of the 1873 issue was held by the Educational Fund and $148,000 by individuals. The first part of this claim was refunded by a new See also:bond issue, also taken by the Educational Fund, the second was paid from an Indian war claim of $692,946, received from the United States government in 1902, when $132,000 bonds of 1857, held by the United States government, were also extinguished.

The bonded debt was thus reduced to $884,500; and on the 1st of January 1909 the debt, consisting of refunding bonds held as educational funds, amounted to $6o 1,567. Penal System.—There is no See also:

penitentiary; the convicts are hired to the one highest See also:bidder who contracts for their labour, and who undertakes, moreover, to See also:lease all other persons convicted during the term of the lease, and sub-leases the prisoners. In 1889 the convicts were placed under the care of a supervisor of convicts, and in 1905 the law was amended so that one or more supervisors could be appointed at the will of the See also:governors. In 1908 there were four supervisors and one state See also:prison physician, and there are See also:special See also:laws designed to prevent abuses in the system. In 1908 the state received $208,148 from the lease of convicts. Decrepit prisoners were formerly leased, but in 1906 the lease excluded such as were thought unfit by the state prison physician. See also:Women convicts were still leased with the men in 1908; of the 446 convicts committed in that year, there were 15 negro See also:females, 356 negro See also:males and 75 white males. In the same year 54 escaped, and 27 were recaptured. The leased convicts are employed in the turpentine and lumber industries and in the phosphate See also:works. The 1232 convicts " on hand" at the See also:close of 1908 were held in 38 camps, 4 being the minimum, and 16o the maximum number, at a See also:camp. In 1908 two central hospitals for the prisoners were maintained by the lessee See also:company. County prison camps are under the supervision of the governor and the supervisors of convicts.

The state supervisors must inspect each state prison camp and each county prison camp every See also:

thirty days. Education.—As early as 1831 an unsuccessful See also:attempt was made to form an adequate public school fund; the first real effort to establish a common school system for the territory was made after 1835; in 1840 there were altogether 18 See also:academies and 51 common See also:schools, and in 1849 the state legislature made an See also:appropriation in the See also:interest of the public instruction of white pupils, and this was supplemented by the proceeds of land 'granted by the United States government for the same purpose. In 1852 Tallahassee established a public school; and in 186o there were, according to a report of the United States census, 2032 pupils in the public schools of the state, and 4486 in " academies and other schools." The Civil War, however,- interrupted the early progress, and the present system of common schools See also:dates from the constitution of 1868 and the school law of 1869. The school See also:revenue derived from the interest of a permanent school fund, special state and county taxes, and a poll-tax, in 1907–1908 amounted to $1,716,161; the per capita cost for each See also:child of school age was $6.11 (white, $9.08; negro, $2.24), and the average school term was 1o8 days (112 for whites, 99 for negroes). The state constitution prescribes that " white and colored children shall not be taught in the same school, but impartial provision shall be made for both." The percentage of enrolment in 1907–1908 was 6o (whites, 66; negroes, 52). The percentage of attendance to enrolment was 7o%,—68% for white and 74% for negro schools. Before 1905 the state provided for higher education by the Florida State See also:College, at Tallahassee, formerly the West Florida See also:Seminary (founded in 1857); the University of Florida, at Lake City, which was organized in 1903 by enlarging the See also:work of the Florida Agricultural College (founded in 1884); the East Florida Seminary, at Gainesville (founded 1848 at See also:Ocala) ; the normal school (for whites) at De Funiak Springs; and the South Florida Military See also:Institute at Bartow; but in 1905 the legislature passed the Buckman bill abolishing all these state institutions for higher education and establishing in their See also:place the university of the state of Florida and a state Agricultural Experiment Station,', both now at Gainesville, and the Florida See also:Female College at Tallahassee, which has the same See also:standards for entrance and for See also:graduation as the state university for men. Private educational institutions in-Florida are See also:John B. Stetson University at De Land (Baptist); Rollins College (1885) at See also:Winter See also:Park (non-sectarian), with a collegiate department, an See also:academy, a school of See also:music, a school of expression, a school of fine arts, a school of domestic and industrial arts, and a business school; Southern College (1901), at See also:Sutherland (Methodist Episcopal, South); the Presbyterian College of Florida (1905), at Eustis; See also:Jasper Normal Institute (189o), at Jasper, and the Florida Normal Institute at Madison. The negroes have facilities for advanced instruction in the Florida Baptist Academy, and Cookman Institute (Methodist Episcopal, South), both at Jacksonville, and in the Normal and See also:Manual Training School (Congregational), at Orange Park. There are a school for the See also:Blind, See also:Deaf, and Dumb (1885) at St. Augustine, a See also:hospital for the insane at Chattahoochee and a reform school at Marianna, all wholly supported by the state, and a Confederate soldiers' and sailors' See also:home at Tallahassee, which is partially supported by the state.

See also:

History.—The earliest explorations and attempts at colonization of Florida by Europeans were made by the Spanish. The See also:Council of the Indies claimed that since 1510 fleets and See also:ships had gone to Florida, and Florida is shown on the Cantino See also:map of 1502. In 1513 Juan See also:Ponce de Leon (c. 1460-1521), who had been with See also:Christopher See also:Columbus on his second voyage and had later been governor of See also:Porto Rico, obtained a royal See also:grant authorizing him to discover and See also:settle " Bimini,"—a fabulous island believed to contain a marvellous See also:fountain or spring whose waters would restore to old men their youth or at least had wonderful curative- See also:powers. Soon after See also:Easter See also:Day he came in sight of the coast of Florida, probably near the mouth of the St Johns river. From the name of the day in the See also:calendar, Pascua Florida, or from the fact that many See also:flowers were found on the coast, the country was named Florida. De Leon seems to have explored the coast, to some degree, on both sides of the peninsula, and to have turned homeward fully convinced that he had discovered an immense island. He returned to See also:Spain in 1514, and obtained from the king a grant to colonize " the island of Bimini and the island of Florida," of which he was appointed adelantado, and in 1521 he made another expedition, this one for colonization as well as for discovery. He seems to have touched at the island of Tortugas, so named on account of the large number of turtles found there, and to have landed at several places, but many of his men succumbed to disease and he himself was wounded in an Indian attack, dying soon afterward in Cuba. Meanwhile, in 1516, another Spaniard, Diego Miruelo, seems to have sailed for some distance along the west coast of the peninsula. The next important exploration of Florida was that of Panfilo de See also:Narvaez. In 1527 he sailed from Cuba with about 600 men (soon reduced to less than 400), landed (early in 1528) probably at the present site of Pensacola, and for six months remained in the country, he and his men suffering terribly from exposure, See also:hunger and fierce Indian attacks.

In See also:

September, his ships being lost and his force greatly reduced in number, he hastily constructed a crazy See also:fleet, re-embarked probably at See also:Apalachee Bay, and lost his See also:life in a See also:storm probably near Pensacola Bay. Only four of his men, including See also:Nunez Cabeza de Vaca, succeeded after eight years of Indian captivity and of long and weary wanderings, in finding their way to Spanish settlements in Mexico. Florida was also partially explored by Ferdinando de Soto (q.v.) in 1539-1540. In the summer of 1559 another attempt at colonization was made by See also:Tristan de See also:Luna, who sailed from See also:Vera Cruz, landed at Pensacola Bay, and explored a part of Florida and (possibly) Southern Alabama. Somewhere in that region he desired to make a permanent See also:settlement, but he was abandoned by most of his followers and gave up his attempt in 1561. In the following year, See also:Jean Ribaut (1520-1565), with a See also:band of See also:French See also:Huguenots, landed first near St Augustine and then at the mouth of the St Johns river, which he called the river of May, and on behalf of See also:France claimed the country, which he described as " the fairest, fruitfullest and pleasantest of all the See also:world "; but he made his settlement on an island near what is now See also:Beaufort, South Carolina. In 1564 Rene de Laudonniere (? -c. 1586), with another party of Huguenots, established Fort See also:Caroline at the mouth of the St Johns, but the See also:colony did not prosper, and in 1565 Laudonniere was about to return to France when (on the 28th of See also:August) he was reinforced by Ribaut and about 300 men from France. On the same day that Ribaut landed, a Spanish expedition arrived in the bay of St Augustine. It was commanded by Pedro Menendez de See also:Aviles (1523-1574), one of whose aims was to destroy the' Huguenot settlement. This he did, putting to See also:death almost the entire See also:garrison at Fort Caroline " not as Frenchmen, but as See also:Lutherans," on the loth of September 1565.

The ships of Ribaut were soon afterwards wrecked near Matanzas Inlet; he and most of his followers surrendered to Menendez and were executed. Menendez then turned his attention to the See also:

founding of a settlement which he named St Augustine (q.v.); he also explored the Atlantic coast from Cape Florida to St See also:Helena, and established forts at See also:San Mateo (Fort Caroline), Avista, Guale and St Helena. In 1567 he returned to Spain in the interest of his colony. The See also:news of the destruction of Fort Caroline, and the See also:execution of Ribaut and his followers, was received with indifference at the French court; but Dominique de Gourgues (c. 1530-1593), a friend of Ribaut but probably a Catholic, organized an expedition of vengeance, not informing his men of his destination until his three ships were near the Florida coast. With the co-operation of the Indians under their chief Saturiba he captured Fort San Mateo in the spring of 1568, and on the spot wherethe garrison of Fort Caroline had been executed, he hanged his Spanish prisoners, inscribing on a tablet of pine the words, I do this not as unto Spaniards but as to traitors, robbers and murderers. Feeling unable to attack St Augustine, . de Gourgues returned to France. The Spanish settlements experienced many vicissitudes. The Indians were hostile and the missionary efforts among them failed. In 1586 St Augustine was almost destroyed by See also:Sir See also:Francis See also:Drake and it also suffered severely by an attack of See also:Captain John See also:Davis in 1665. No until the last See also:decade of the 17th See also:century did the Spanish authorities attempt to extend the settlements beyond the east coast. Then, jealous of the French explorations along the Gulf of Mexico, they turned their attention to the west coast, and in 1696 founded Pensacola.

When the See also:

English colonies of the Carolinas and Georgia were founded, there was See also:constant See also:friction with Florida. The Spanish were accused of inciting the Indians to make depredations on the English settlements and of interfering with English commerce and the Spanish were in constant fear of the encroachments of the See also:British. In 1702, when Great See also:Britain and Spain were See also:con-tending in See also:Europe, on opposite sides, in the war of the Spanish See also:Succession, a force from South Carolina captured St Augustine and laid See also:siege to the fort, but being unable to reduce it for lack of necessary See also:artillery, burned the town and withdrew at the approach of Spanish reinforcements. In 1706 a Spanish and French expedition against See also:Charleston, South Carolina, failed, and the Carolinians retaliated by invading middle Florida in 1708 and again in 1722. In 1740 General See also:James See also:Edward See also:Oglethorpe, governor of Georgia, supported by a See also:naval force, made an unsuccessful attack upon St Augustine; two years later a Spanish expedition against See also:Savannah by way of St See also:Simon's Island failed, and in 1745 Oglethorpe -again appeared before the walls of St Augustine, but, the treaty of See also:Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748 prevented further hostilities. Pensacola, the other centre of Spanish settlement, though captured and occupied (r719-1723) by the French from Louisiana, had a more peaceful history. By the treaty of See also:Paris in 1763 Florida was ceded to See also:England in return for See also:Havana. The provinces of East Florida and West Florida were now formed, the boundaries of West Florida being 31° N. lat. (when civil government was organized in 1767, the N. line was made 32° 28'), the Chattahoochee, and the Apalachicola rivers, the Gulf of Mexico, See also:Mississippi See also:Sound, Lakes Borgne, Pontchartrain and See also:Maurepas, and the Mississippi river. A period of prosperity now set in. Civil in place of military government was instituted; See also:immigration began; and See also:Andrew Turnbull, an Englishman, brought over a band of about '500 Minorcans (1769), whom he engaged in the cultivation of See also:indigo at New See also:Smyrna. Roads were laid out, some of which yet remain; and in the last three years of English occupation the government spent $580,000 on the two provinces.

Consequently, the people of Florida were for the most part loyal to Great Britain during the War of American See also:

Independence. In 1776, the Minorcans of New Smyrna refused to work longer on the indigo plantations; and many of them removed to St Augustine, where they were protected by the authorities. Several plans were made to invade South Carolina and Georgia, but none matured until 1778, when an expedition was organized which co-operated with British forces from New York in the siege of . Savannah, Georgia. In the following year, Spain having declared war- against Great Britain, See also:Don Bernardo de Galvez (1756-1794), the Spanish governor at New See also:Orleans, seized most of the English forts in West Florida, and in 1781 captured Pensacola. By the treaty of Paris (1783) Florida reverted to Spain, and, no religious See also:liberty being promised, many of the English in-habitants See also:left East and West Florida. A dispute with the United States concerning the northern boundary was settled by the treaty of 1795, the line 31° N. lat. being established. The westward expansion of the United States made necessary American ports on the Gulf of Mexico; consequently the acquisition of West Florida as well as of New Orleans was one of the aims of the negotiations which resulted in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803. After the cession of Louisiana to the United States, the people of West Florida feared that that See also:province would be seized by See also:Bonaparte. They, therefore, through a convention at Buhler's Plains (See also:July 17, 181o), formulated plans for a more effective government. When it was found that the Spanish governor did not accept these plans in good faith, another convention was held on the 26th of September which declared West Florida to be an See also:independent state, organized a government and petitioned for See also:admission to the American Union. On the 27th of See also:October See also:President James Madison, acting on a theory of See also:Robert R.

See also:

Livingston that West Florida was ceded by Spain to France in i800 along with Louisiana, and was therefore included by France in the sale of Louisiana to the United States in 1803, declared West Florida to be under the See also:jurisdiction of the United States. Two years later the American See also:Congress annexed the portion of West Florida between the See also:Pearl and the Mississippi rivers to Louisiana (hence the so-called Florida parishes of Louisiana), and that between the Pearl and the Perdido to the Mississippi Territory. , In the meantime war between Great Britain and the United States was imminent. The American government asked the Spanish authorities of East Florida to permit an American occupation of the country in See also:order that it might not be seized by Great Britain and made a See also:base of military operations. When the See also:request was refused, American forces seized Fernandina in the spring of 1812, an action that was repudiated by the American government after protest from Spain, although it was authorized in See also:official instructions. About the same time an attempt to organize a government at St See also:Mary's was made by American sympathizers, and a See also:petty civil war began between the Americans, who called themselves " Patriots," and the Indians, who were encouraged by the Spanish. In 1814 British troops landed at Pensacola to begin operations against the United States. In See also:retaliation General Andrew Jackson captured the place, but in a few days withdrew to New Orleans. The British then built a fort on the Apalachicola river, and there directed expeditions of Indians and runaway negroes against the American settlements, which continued long after peace was concluded in 1814. In 1818 General Jackson, believing that the Spanish were aiding the Seminole Indians and inciting them to attack the Americans, again captured Pensacola. By the treaty of 1819 Spain formally ceded East and West Florida to the United States; the treaty was ratified in 1821, when the United States took formal See also:possession, but civil government was not established until 1822. Indian affairs furnished the most serious problems of the new Territory of Florida.

The See also:

aborigines, who seemed to have reached a See also:stage of See also:civilization somewhat similar to that of the See also:Aztecs, were conquered and exterminated or absorbed by Creeks about the middle of the 18th century. There was a strong demand for the removal of these Creek Indians, known as Seminoles, and by See also:treaties at See also:Payne's Landing in 1832 and Fort See also:Gibson in 1833 the Indian chiefs agreed to See also:exchange their Florida lands for equal territory in the western part of the United States. But a strong sentiment against removal suddenly developed, and the efforts of the United States to enforce the treaty brought on the Seminole War (1836-42), which resulted in the removal of all but a few See also:hundred Seminoles whose descendants still live in southern Florida. In 1845 Florida became a state of the American Union. On the Toth of January 1861 an See also:ordinance of See also:secession, which declared Florida to be a " See also:sovereign and independent nation," was adopted by a state convention, and Florida became one of the Confederate States of America. The important coast towns were readily captured by Union forces; Fernandina, Pensacola and St Augustine in 1862, and Jacksonville in 1863; but an invasion of the interior in 1864 failed, the Union forces being repulsed in a See also:battle at See also:Olustee (on the 20th of February 1864). In 1865 a provisional governor was appointed by President Andrew See also:Johnson, and a new state government was organized. The legislature of 1866 rejected the Fourteenth Amendmentto the Federal Constitution, and soon afterwards Florida was made a part of the Third Military District, according to the Reconstruction See also:Act of 1867. Negroes were now registered as voters by the military authorities, and another Constitutional Convention met in January and February 1868. A factional strife in the dominant party, the Republican, now began; fifteen delegates withdrew from the convention; the others framed a constitution, and then resolved themselves into a See also:political convention. The seceding members with nine others then returned and organized; but the factions were reconciled by General George M. See also:Meade.

A new constitution was framed and was ratified by the See also:

electors, and Florida passed from under a quasi-military to a full civil government on the 4th of July 1868. The factional strife in the Republican party continued, a number of efforts being made to impeach Governor See also:Harrison See also:Reed (1813—1899). The decisive year of the Reconstruction Period was 1876. The Canvassing Board, which published the election returns, See also:cast out some votes, did not wait for the returns from Dade county, and declared the Republican See also:ticket elected. George F. See also:Drew (1827-1900), the Democratic See also:candidate for governor, then secured a See also:mandamus from the circuit court restraining the board from going behind the See also:face of the election returns; this was not obeyed and a similar mandamus was therefore obtained from the supreme court of Florida, which declared that the board had no right to determine the legality of a particular vote. According to the new See also:count thus ordered, the Democratic state ticket was elected. By a similar See also:process the board's decision in favour of the election of Republican presidential electors was nullified, and the Democratic electors were declared the successful candidates; but the electoral commission, appointed by Congress, reversed this decision.

End of Article: FLORIDA

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