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CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF

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Originally appearing in Volume V05, Page 23 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF , one of the largest and most important of See also:state See also:universities in See also:America, situated at See also:Berkeley, California, on the E. See also:shore of See also:San Francisco See also:Bay. It took the See also:place of the See also:College of California (founded in 1855), received California's portion of the Federal See also:land See also:grant of 1862, was chartered as a state institution by the legislature in 1868, and opened its doors in 1869 at See also:Oakland. In 1873 it was removed to its See also:present site. In the revised state constitution of 1899 See also:provision is made for it as the See also:head of the state's educational See also:system. The grounds at Berkeley See also:cover 270 acres on the See also:lower slopes (299-900 ft.) of the Berkeley Hills, which rise r000 ft. or more above the university; the view over the bay to San Francisco and the See also:Golden See also:Gate is superb. In See also:recent years new and better buildings have gradually been provided. In 1896 an See also:international architectural competition was opened at the expense of Mrs See also:Phoebe R. Hearst (made a See also:regent of the university in 1898) for plans for a See also:group of buildings harmonizing with the university's beautiful site, and ignoring all buildings already existing. The first See also:prize was awarded in 1899 to Emile Benard, of See also:Paris. The first See also:building begun under the new plans was that for the college of mines (the See also:gift of Mrs Hearst), completed in 1907, providing worthily for the important school of See also:mining, from 1885 directed by Prof. S. B.

See also:

Christy (b. 1853); California See also:Hall, built by state See also:appropriation, had been completed in 1906. The See also:Greek See also:theatre (1903), an open-See also:air auditorium seating 7500 spectators, on a See also:hill-See also:side in a See also:grove of towering eucalypts, was the gift of See also:William See also:Randolph Hearst; this has been used regularly for concerts by the university's See also:symphony See also:orchestra,under the See also:professor of See also:music, See also:John See also:Frederick Wolle (b. 1253), who originated the See also:Bach. Festivals at See also:Bethlehem, Pa.; See also:free public concerts are given on See also:Sunday afternoons; and there have been some remarkable dramatic performances here, notably Sudraka's Mricchakaltika in See also:English, and See also:Aeschylus's See also:Eumenides in Greek, in See also:April 1907. There are no dormitories. Student self-See also:government See also:works through the " Undergraduate Students' Affairs See also:Committee " of the Associated Students. The See also:faculty of the university has its own social See also:club, with a handsome building on the grounds. At Berkeley is carried on the See also:work in the colleges of letters, social sciences, natural sciences, See also:commerce, See also:agriculture, See also:mechanical, mining and See also:civil See also:engineering, and See also:chemistry, and the first two years' course of the college of medicine—the See also:Toland Medical College having been absorbed by the university in 1873; at See also:Mount See also:Hamilton, the work of the Lick astronomical See also:department; and in San Francisco, that of See also:dentistry (1888), See also:pharmacy, See also:law, See also:art, and the concluding (See also:post See also:graduate or clinical) years of the medical course—the San Francisco Polyclinic having become a See also:part of the university in 1892. Three of the San Francisco departments occupy a group of three handsome buildings in the western part of the See also:city, overlooking Golden Gate See also:Park. The Lick astronomical department (Lick See also:Observatory) on Mount Hamilton, near San Jose, occupies a site covering 2777 acres. It was founded in 1875 by See also:James Lick of San Francisco, and was endowed by him with $700,000, $61o,000 of this being used for- the See also:original buildings and equipments, which were formally transferred to the university in 1888.

The art department (San Francisco See also:

Institute of art) was until 1906 housed in the former See also:home of See also:Mark See also:Hopkins, a San Francisco " railroad See also:king "; it dated from 1893, under the name " Mark Hopkins Institute of Art." The building was destroyed in the San Francisco conflagration of Igoe; but under its present name the department resumed work in 1907 on the old site. At the university See also:farm, of nearly 750 acres, at Davisville, Yolo See also:county, instruction is given in See also:practical agriculture, See also:horticulture, dairying, &c.; courses in See also:irrigation are given at Berkeley; a laboratory of plant See also:pathology, established in 1907 at See also:Whittier, See also:Riverside county, and an experiment station on 20 acres of land near Riverside, are for the study of plant and See also:tree diseases and pests and of their remedies. A marine biological laboratory is maintained at La Jolla, near San Diego, and another, the Hertzstein See also:Research Laboratory, at New See also:Monterey; the See also:Rudolph See also:Spreckels Physiological Laboratory is in Berkeley. The university has excellent anthropological and archaeological collections, mostly made by university expeditions, endowed by Mrs Hearst, to See also:Peru and to See also:Egypt. In 1907 the university library contained 16o,000 volumes, ranking, after the destruction of most of the San Francisco See also:libraries in 1906, as the largest collection in the vicinity. The building of the Doe library (given by the will of See also:Charles See also:Franklin Doe), for the See also:housing of the university library, was begun in 1907. The university has also the valuable See also:Bancroft collection of 50,000 volumes and countless See also:pamphlets and See also:manuscripts, dealing principally with the See also:history of the Pacific See also:Coast from See also:Alaska through Central America, and of the Rocky See also:Mountain region, including See also:Montana, See also:Utah, See also:Wyoming, See also:Colorado, See also:Arizona, New See also:Mexico and Western See also:Texas. This collection (that of the historian See also:Hubert See also:Howe Bancroft) was acquired in 1905 for $250,000 (of which Mr Bancroft contributed $100,000), and was entrusted (1907) to the newly organized See also:Academy of Pacific Coast History. The library of Karl Weinhold (1823-1901) of See also:Berlin, which is especially See also:rich in Germanic linguistics and " culture history," was presented to the university in 1903 by John D. Spreckels. The university publishes The University of California See also:Chronicle, an See also:official See also:record; and the-re are important departmental publications, especially those in See also:American See also:archaeology and See also:ethnology, edited by See also:Frederic See also:Ward See also:Putnam (b. 1839), including the reports of various expeditions, maintained by Mrs Hearst; in See also:physiology, edited by Jacques Loeb (b.

1859); in See also:

botany, edited by William See also:Albert Setchell (b. 1864) ; in See also:zoology, edited by William See also:Emerson See also:Ritter (b. 1859) ; and in See also:astronomy, the publications of the Lick Observatory, edited by William See also:Wallace See also:Campbell (b: 186a). In 1902, under the direction of See also:Henry See also:Morse See also:Stephens (b. 1857), who then became professor of history, a department of university See also:extension was organized; lecture courses, especially on history and literature, were de-livered in 1906-1907 at fifteen extension " centres," at most of which classes of study were formed. Annexes to the university, but having no corporate connexion with it, are the Berkeley See also:Bible See also:Seminary (Disciples of See also:Christ), the Pacific Theological Seminary (Congregational), the Pacific Coast Baptist Seminary and a Unitarian school. The growth of the university has been extremely rapid. From 1890 tao 1900 the number of students increased fourfold. In the latter See also:year the university of California was second to Harvard only in the number of See also:academic graduate and undergraduate students, and fifth among the educational institutions of the See also:country in See also:total enrolment. In See also:July 1907 there were 519 See also:officers in the faculties and 2987 students, of whom 226 were in the professional See also:schools in San Francisco. In addition there were 707 students in the 1906 summer session, the total for 1906-1907 thus being 36841 of this number 15o6 were See also:women. The university conferred 482 degrees in 1907, 546 in 1906, 470 in 1905.

The affairs of the university are administered by a See also:

board of twenty-three regents, seven state officials and heads of educational institutions, being members ex officio, and sixteen other members being appointed by the See also:governor and See also:senate of the state; its instruction is governed by the faculties of the different colleges, and an academic senate in which these are joined. The See also:gross income from all See also:sources for 1905-1906 was $1,564,290, of which about $800,000 was income from investments, state and government grants, fees, &c., and the See also:remainder was gifts and endowments. There is a permanent endowment of more than $3,000,000, partly from munificent private gifts, especially from Mrs Hearst and from See also:Miss Cora See also:Jean See also:Flood. The See also:financial support of the state has always been generous. No tuition See also:fee is charged in the academic colleges to students See also:resident in the state, and only $10.00 annually to students from without the state. The university maintains about 90 under-graduate scholarships, and ro graduate scholarships and See also:fellow-See also:ships. All able-bodied male students are required to take the courses in military See also:science, under instruction by an officer of the See also:United States See also:army detailed for the purpose. See also:Physical culture and See also:hygiene are prescribed for all men and women. A state law forbids the See also:sale of liquor within one mile of the university grounds. To realize the ideal of the university as the head of the educational system of the state, a system of inspection of high schools has been See also:developed, whereby schools reaching the pre-scribed See also:standard are entitled to recommend their graduates for See also:admission to the university without examination. It was anticipated at one See also:time that the See also:foundation of the See also:Leland See also:Stanford Junior University at Palo See also:Alto would injure the state institution at Berkeley; but in practice this was not found to be the See also:case; on the contrary, the competition resulted in giving new vigour and enterprise to the older university. See also:Joseph Le See also:Conte (professor from 1872 to 1901) and See also:Daniel C.

See also:

Gilman (resident in 1872-1875) deserve mention among those formerly connected with the university. In 1899 See also:Benjamin Ide See also:Wheeler (b. 1854) became See also:president. He had been a graduate (1875) of See also:Brown University, and was professor first of See also:comparative See also:philology and then of Greek at Cornell University; his See also:chief publications are Der griechische Nominalaccent (1885) ; See also:Analogy, and the See also:Scope of its Application in See also:Language (1887) ; Principles of Language Growth (1891); The Organization of Higher See also:Education in the United States (1897); Dionysos and See also:Immortality (1899); and See also:Life of See also:Alexander the See also:Great (1900).

End of Article: CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF

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