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See also:TOLAND, See also:JOHN [christened See also:JANUS JuN1us] (1670-1722) , See also:English deist, was See also:born on the 3oth of See also:November 1670, near See also:Londonderry, See also:Ireland. Brought up a See also:Roman See also:Catholic, in his sixteenth See also:year he became a zealous See also:Protestant. In 1687 he entered See also:Glasgow University, and in 1690 was created M.A. by the university of See also:Edinburgh. He then spent a See also:short See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time in some Protestant families in See also:England, and with their assistance went to See also:Leiden University, to qualify for the dissenting See also:ministry. He spent about two years studying ecclesiastical See also:history, chiefly under the famous See also:scholar See also:Friedrich Spanheim. He then went to See also:- OXFORD
- OXFORD, EARLS OF
- OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
- OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
- OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
- OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
- OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST
Oxford (1694), where he acquired a reputation for See also:great learning and " little See also:religion," although at the time he professed to be a decided See also:Christian. While at Oxford he began the See also:book which made him famous—his See also:Christianity not Mysterious (1696, See also:anonymous; 2nd ed. in the same year, with his name; 3rd ed., 1702, including an See also:Apology for Mr. Toland). It gave great offence, and several replies were immediately published. The author was prosecuted by the See also:grand See also:jury of See also:Middlesex; and, when he attempted to See also:settle in See also:Dublin at the beginning of 1697, he was denounced from the See also:pulpit and elsewhere. His book having been condemned by the Irish See also:parliament (See also:Sept. 9, 1697) and an See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order issued for his See also:arrest, Toland fled to England. The resemblance, both in See also:title and in principles, of his book to See also:Locke's Reasonableness of Christianity, led to a prompt disavowal on Locke's See also:part of the supposed identity of opinions, and subsequently
to the famous controversy between See also:Stillingfleet and the philosopher. Toland's next See also:work of importance was his See also:Life of See also:Milton (1698), in which a reference to " the numerous supposititious pieces under the name of See also:Christ and His apostles and other great persons," provoked the See also:charge that he had called in question the genuineness of the New Testament writings. Toland re-plied in his Amyntor, or a See also:Defence of Milton's Life (1699), to which he added a remarkable See also:list of what are now called apocryphal New Testament writings. In his remarks he really opened up the great question of the history of the See also:canon. The next year his Amyntor and Christianity not Mysterious were under discussion in both houses of See also:Convocation, and the Upper See also:House declined to proceed against the author. In 1701 Toland spent a few See also:weeks at See also:Hanover as secretary to the See also:embassy of the See also:earl of See also:Macclesfield, and was received with favour by the electress See also:Sophia in See also:acknowledgment of his book Anglia Libera, a defence of the Hanoverian See also:succession. On his return from the See also:Continent he published Vindicius Liberius (1702), a defence of him-self and of the bishops for not prosecuting him. In this he apologized for Christianity not Mysterious, as a youthful indiscretion, and declared his conformity to the doctrines of the established See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
Church. The next year he visited Hanover and See also:Berlin, and was again graciously received by the electress and her daughter Sophia See also:Charlotte, See also:queen of See also:Prussia, the " See also:Serena" of the Letters published on his return to England (1704). In two of these (A See also:Letter to a See also:Gentleman in See also:- HOLLAND
- HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
- HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
- HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
- HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
- HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
- HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
- HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
- HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
- HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART
Holland, and See also:Motion essential to See also:Matter), ostensibly an attack on See also:Spinoza, he anticipated some of the speculations of See also:modern See also:materialism. The See also:Account of the Courts of Prussia and Hanover (1705) was used by See also:Carlyle in his Life of See also:Frederick the Great. From 1707 to 1710 Toland lived in varying circumstances on the Continent. In 1709 he published (at the See also:Hague) Adeisidaemon and Origines Judaicae, in which, amongst other things, he maintained that the See also:Jews were originally Egyptians, and that the true See also:Mosaic institutions perished with See also:Moses. After his return to England, he lived chiefly in See also:London and latterly in Putney, subsisting precariously upon the earnings of his See also:pen and the benevolence of his patrons. His See also:literary projects were numerous (see See also:Mosheim's Vita); his warm Irish nature appears in his projected history of the See also:ancient See also:Celtic religion and his chivalrous advocacy of the See also:naturalization of the Jews. The last of his theological See also:works were Nazarenus, or Jewish, See also:Gentile and Mahometan Christianity (1718), and Tetradymus (1720), a collection of essays on various subjects, in the first of which (Hodegus) he set the example, subsequently followed by See also:Reimarus and the rationalistic school in See also:Germany, of interpreting the Old Testament miracles by the naturalistic method, maintaining, for instance, that the See also:pillar of See also:cloud and the See also:fire of See also:Exodus was a transported See also:signal-fire. His last and most offensive book was his Pantheisticon (1720). He died on the trth of See also:March, 1721-1722, as he had lived, in great poverty, in the midst of his books, with his pen in his See also:hand. Just before his See also:death he composed an See also:epitaph on himself, in which he claimed to have been " Veritatis propugnator, libertatis assertor." The words
Ipse vero aeternum est resurrecturus, at idem futurusTolandus nunquam " seem to indicate his adherence to the pantheistic creed expounded in the Pantheisticon.
Toland is generally classed with the deists, but at the time when he wrote Christianity not Mysterious he was decidedly opposed to See also:deism. The See also:design of the work was to show, by an See also:appeal mainly to the tribunal of Scripture, that there are no facts or doctrines of the " See also:Gospel," or the " Scriptures," or " Christian See also:revelation," which, when revealed, are not perfectly See also:plain, intelligible and reasonable, being neither contrary to See also:reason nor incomprehensible.to it. It was intended to be the first of three discourses, in the second of which he was to See also:attempt a particular and rational explanation of the reputed mysteries of the gospel, and in the third a demonstration of the verity of Divine revelation against atheists and all enemies of revealed religion. After his Christianity not Mysterious and his Amyntor, Toland's Nazarenus was of See also:chief importance, as calling See also:attention to the right of the See also:Ebionites to a See also:place in the See also:early church, though it altogether failed to establish his See also:main See also:argument or to put the question in the true See also:light. His Pantheisticon, sive See also:formula celebrandae sodalitatis socraticae, of which he printed a few copies for private circulation only, gave great offence as a sort of liturgicservice made up of passages from See also:heathen authors, in See also:imitation of the Church of England See also:liturgy. The title also was in those days alarming, and still more so the See also:mystery which the author threw See also:round the question how far such See also:societies of pantheists actually existed.
See Mosheim's Vindiciae antiquae christianorum disciilinae (1722), containing the most exhaustive account of Toland s life and writings; a Life of Toland (1722), by " one of his most intimate See also:friends "; See also:Memoirs of the Life and Writings of Mr John Toland," by See also:Des Maizeaux, prefixed to The See also:Miscellaneous Works of Mr John Toland (London, 1747) ; John See also:Leland's View of the See also:Principal Deistical Writers (last ed. 1837) ; G. V. See also:Lechler's Geschichte des englischen Deismus (1841); See also:Isaac Disraeli's Calamities of Authors (new ed., 1881) ; See also:article on " The English Freethinkers " in Theological See also:Review, No. 5 (November, 1864) ; J. See also:Hunt, in Contemporary Review, No. 6, See also:June 1868, and his Religious Thought in England (1870-1873) ; See also:Leslie See also:Stephen's History of English Thought in the Eighteenth See also:Century, vol. i. (1881), and article in See also:Dictionary of See also:National See also:Biography; J. See also:Cairns's Unbelief in the Eighteenth Century (1881). On Toland's relation to the subsequent See also:Tubingen school, as presented in his Nazarenus, see D. See also:Patrick in Theological Review, No. 59 (See also:October, 1877) ; and on his relation to materialism, F. A. See also:Lange's Geschichte des Materialismus (Eng. trans. by E. C. See also:- THOMAS
- THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
- THOMAS (d. 110o)
- THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
- THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
- THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
- THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
- THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
- THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
- THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
- THOMAS, ST
- THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
- THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)
Thomas, 1877), and also G. Berthold, John Toland and der Monismus der Gegenwart (1876).
End of Article: TOLAND, JOHN [christened JANUS JuN1us] (1670-1722)
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