Online Encyclopedia

Search over 40,000 articles from the original, classic Encyclopedia Britannica, 11th Edition.

DUBLIN

Online Encyclopedia
Originally appearing in Volume V08, Page 623 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
» Make a correction to this article.
» Add information or comments to this article.
Spread the word: del.icio.us del.icio.us it!

DUBLIN , a See also:

city, See also:county of a city, See also:parliamentary See also:borough and seaport, and the See also:metropolis of See also:Ireland, in the See also:province of See also:Leinster. It lies at the See also:head of a See also:bay of the Irish See also:Sea, to which it gives name, about midway on the eastern See also:coast of the See also:island, 334 M. W.N.W. of See also:London by the See also:Holyhead route, and 70 M. W. of Holyhead on the coast of See also:Anglesey, See also:Wales. (For See also:map, see IRELAND.) Its See also:population in 1901 was 290,638. Site, Streets and Buildings.—Dublin lies on the See also:great central See also:limestone See also:district which stretches across the island from the Irish Sea to the See also:Atlantic Ocean, and occupies both See also:banks of the See also:river Liffey. Its situation is justly admired. The populous shores of the bay are exceedingly picturesque. To the See also:north and See also:west the See also:country is comparatively level, the central See also:plain of Ireland here reaching to the coast, but to the See also:south the foothills of the See also:Wicklow Mountains practically See also:touch the confines of Greater Dublin, affording comprehensive views of the See also:physical position of the city, and forming a background to some of the finest streets. The municipal boundary lies generally a little outside the so-called Circular Road, which may be taken as encircling the city proper, with a few breaks. 'It bears this name on both the north and south sides of the river. As the city is approached from the bay, the river Liffey, which divides the city from west to See also:east roughly into two equal parts, is seen to be lined with a See also:fine See also:series of quays.

At its mouth, on the north See also:

side, is the North See also:Wall See also:quay, where ,the See also:principal steamers See also:lie, and in this vicinity are the docks. At the opposite (western) end of the city, the See also:Phoenix See also:Park may be taken as a convenient landmark. Between this and North Wall the river is crossed by twelve See also:bridges, which, in See also:order from west to east, are these: Sarah See also:Bridge, the bridge of the North Wall See also:extension railway; See also:King's, commemorating a visit of See also:George IV.; See also:Victoria or Barrack; See also:Queen's; See also:Whitworth, of See also:interest as occupying the site where a bridge has stood since the 12th See also:century; See also:Richmond, See also:Grattan and See also:Wellington; O'Connell, See also:Butt and a swivel bridge carrying a See also:loop railway. Of these O'Connell bridge (formerly known as See also:Carlisle) is the principal, as it connects the See also:chief thoroughfare on the north side, namely See also:Sackville (or O'Connell) See also:Street, with Great See also:Brunswick Street and others on the south. Sackville Street, which gains in See also:appearance from its remarkable breadth, contains the principal hotels, and the See also:post See also:office, with a fine Ionic See also:portico, founded in 1815. At the See also:crossing of See also:Henry Street and See also:Earl Street is the See also:Nelson See also:pillar, a beautiful See also:monument 134 ft. in height, consisting of a fluted Doric See also:column, raised on a massive See also:pedestal, and crowned by a statue of the See also:admiral. At the See also:southern end of the street is See also:Daniel O'Connell's monument, almost completed by See also:John Henry See also:Foley before his See also:death, and erected in 1882. In See also:Rutland Square, at the See also:northern end, is the Rotunda, containing public rooms for meetings, and adjoining it, the Rotunda See also:hospital with its Doric See also:facade. From the north end of Sackville Street, several large thorough-fares radiate through the northern See also:part of the city, ultimately joining the Circular Road at various points. To the west there are the Broadstone station, Dominion Street, and beyond this the large workhouse, See also:prison, See also:asylum and other district buildings, while the Royal See also:barracks front the river behind See also:Albert Quay. Two other notable buildings See also:face the river on the north See also:bank. Between Whitworth and Richmond bridges stands the " Four Courts " (See also:law courts), on the site of the See also:ancient Dominican monastery of St Saviour.

It was erected between 1786 and 1796, and is adjoined by other See also:

court buildings, the public See also:record office, containing a vast collection, and the See also:police offices. Below the lowest bridge on the river, and therefore in the neighbourhood of the See also:shipping See also:quarter, is the customs See also:house (1781-1791), considered one of the chief ornaments of the city. It presents four fronts, that facing the river being of See also:Portland See also:stone, in the Doric order, while the See also:rest are of See also:granite. The centre is crowned by a See also:dome, surmounted by a statue of See also:Hope. This See also:building provides offices for the See also:Local See also:Government See also:Board, Boards of See also:Trade and of Public See also:Works and other bodies. It is, however, to the south of the river that the most interesting buildings are found. Crossing O'Connell bridge, the See also:short Westmoreland Street strikes into a thoroughfare which traverses the entire city parallel with the river, and is known successively (from west to east) as See also:James, See also:Thomas, High, See also:Castle, See also:Dame, See also:College and Great Brunswick streets. At the end of Westmoreland Street a fine See also:group of buildings is seen—Trinity College on the See also:left and the Bank of Ireland on the right. Barely See also:half a mile westward down Dame Street,. rises the Castle, and 300 yds. beyond this again is the See also:cathedral of See also:Christ See also:Church. These, with the second cathedral of St See also:Patrick, are more conveniently described in the inverse order. The cathedral of Christ Church, or See also:Holy Trinity, the older of the two See also:Protestant cathedrals in the See also:possession of which Dublin is remarkable, was founded by Sigtryg, a Christ Christianized king of the Danes of Dublin, in 1038, Church. but See also:dates its See also:elevation to a deanery and See also:chapter from 1541.

It was restored in 1870–1877 by G. E. Street at the See also:

charge of Mr Henry See also:Roe, a See also:merchant of Dublin, who also presented the See also:Synod House. The restoration involved the See also:complete re-building of the See also:choir and the south side of the See also:nave, but the See also:model of the ancient building was, followed with great care. The See also:crypt embodies remains of the founder's See also:work; the rest is Transitional See also:Norman and See also:Early See also:English in See also:style. Among the monuments is that of Strongbow, the invader of Ireland, to whom the earlier part of the superstructure (1170) is due. Here the tenants of the church lands were accustomed to pay their rents. The monument was injured by the fall of one of the cathedral walls, but was repaired. By its side is a smaller See also:tomb, ascribed to Strongbow's son, whom his See also:father killed for showing cowardice in See also:battle. Synods were occasionally held in this church, and parliaments also, before the See also:Commons' See also:Hall was destroyed in 1566 by an accidental See also:explosion of See also:gunpowder. Here also the pretender See also:Lambert See also:Simnel was crowned. A short distance south from Christ Church, through the squalid quarter of See also:Nicholas and Patrick streets, stands the other Protestant cathedral dedicated to St Patrick, st the See also:foundation of which was an See also:attempt to supersede Patrick's.

the older foundation of Christ Church, owing to jealousies, both ecclesiastical and See also:

political, arising out of the Anglo-Norman invasion. It was founded about 1190 by John See also:Comyn, See also:archbishop of Dublin; but there was a church dedicated to the same See also:saint before. It was burnt about two See also:hundred years later, but was raised from its ruins with increased splendour. At the See also:Reformation it was deprived of its status as a cathedral, and the building was used for some of the purposes of the courts of See also:justice. See also:Edward VI. contemplated its See also:change into a university, but the project was defeated. In the succeeding reign of See also:Mary, St Patrick's was restored to its See also:primary destination. The installations of the knights of St Patrick,. the first of which took See also:place in 1783, were originally held here, and some of their insignia are preserved in the choir. This cathedral contains the monuments of several illustrious persons, amongst which the most celebrated are those of See also:Swift (See also:dean of this cathedral), of Mrs Hester See also:Johnson, immortalized under the name of " Stella "; of Archbishop See also:Marsh; of the first earl of See also:Cork; and of See also:Duke See also:Schomberg, who See also:fell at the battle of the See also:Boyne. The tablet over Schomberg's See also:grave contains what See also:Macaulay called a " furious See also:libel," though it only states that the duke's relatives refused the expense of the tablet. In the cathedral may be seen the See also:chain See also:ball which killed See also:General St See also:Ruth at the battle of See also:Aughrim, and the spurs which he wore. The cathedral was restored by See also:Sir See also:Benjamin See also:Lee See also:Guinness (1864), whom a fine statue by John Henry Foley commemorates, and the work was resumed by his son See also:Lord Iveagh in 1900. Attached to the cathedral is Marsh's library, incorporated in 1707, by a See also:request of See also:Primate Marsh, archbishop of See also:Armagh.

It contains a See also:

good number of theological works and of See also:manuscripts, and is open to the public; but is deficient in See also:modern publications, Dublin Castle stands high, and occupies about ten acres ofground, but excepting St Patrick's Hall, the apartments are small, and the building is of a See also:motley and unimposing appearance, with the exception of the See also:chapel (a See also:Gothic building of the early 19th century) and great See also:tower. The castle The castle. was originally built in the first two decades of the 13th century; and there are portions of this See also:period, but nearly the whole is of the 16th century and later. In St Patrick's hall where the knights of St Patrick are invested, are the See also:banners of that order. Opposite the castle is the city hall (1779), in the possession of the See also:corporation, with statues in the central hall of George III., of Grattan (a superb work by Sir See also:Francis See also:Chantry), of Daniel O'Connell, and of Thomas See also:Drummond by John Hogan and several others. The Bank of Ireland (see See also:ARCHITECTURE, fig. 85) occupies five acres, and was formerly the House of See also:Parliament. There are three fronts; the principal, towards College See also:Green, is a See also:colonnade of the Ionic order, with facade Breland. and two projecting wings; it connects with the western portico by a colonnade of the same order, forming the quadrant of a circle. The eastern front, which was the entrance of the House of Lords, is, by their See also:special wish, of the Corinthian order, made conformable with the rest of the building not without difficulty to the architect. The House of Lords contains See also:tapestry dating from 1733, and remains in its See also:original See also:condition, but the octagonal House of Commons was demolished by the bank See also:directors, and replaced with a See also:cash-office. The building was begun in 1729, but the fronts date from the end of the century; the remodelling took. place in 1803. Trinity College, or Dublin University, fronts the street with a See also:Palladian facade (1759), with two good statues by Foley, of See also:Goldsmith and See also:Burke. Above the gateway is a hall called the See also:Regent House.

The first quadrangle, ; ege Parliament Square, contains the chapel (1798), with a Corinthian portico, the public See also:

theatre or examination hall (1787), containing portraits of Queen See also:Elizabeth, See also:Molyneux, Burke, See also:Bishop See also:Berkeley and other celebrities, and the wainscotted dining hall, also containing portraits. A beautiful modern campanile (1853), erected by Lord John George See also:Beresford, archbishop. of Armagh and See also:chancellor of the university, occupies the centre of the square. Library Square takes its name from the library, which is one of the four scheduled in the See also:Copyright See also:Act as entitled to receive a copy of every See also:volume published in the See also:United See also:Kingdom. There is a notable collection of early Irish manuscripts, including the magnificently ornamented See also:Book of See also:Kells, containing the gospels. The building was begun in 1712. In this square are the See also:oldest buildings of the foundation, dating in part from the See also:close of the 17th century, and the modern Graduates' Memorial buildings (1904). These contain a theatre, library and See also:reading-See also:room, the rooms of the college See also:societies and others. The See also:schools See also:form a fine modern See also:pile (1856), and other buildings are the See also:provost's house (1760), See also:printing house (1760), museum (1857) and the medical school buildings, in three blocks, one of the best schools in the kingdom. Other buildings of the loth century include chemical laboratories. The College Park and See also:Fellows' See also:Garden are of considerable beauty. In the former most of the recreations of the students take place; but the college also supports a well-known See also:rowing-See also:club. The college See also:observatory is at Dunsink, about 5 m. north-west of Dublin; it is amply furnished with astronomical See also:instruments.

It was endowed by Dr Francis See also:

Andrews, provost of Trinity College, was erected in 1785, and in 1791 was placed by See also:statute under the management of the royal astronomer of Ireland, whose See also:official See also:residence is here. The magnetic observatory of Dublin was erected in the years 1837–1838 in the gardens attached to Trinity College, at the expense of the university. A normal climatological station was established in the Fellows' Garden in 1904. The botanic garden is at Ball's Bridge, 1 m. S.E. of the college. The alternative See also:title of Dublin University or Trinity College, Dublin (commonly abbreviated T.C.D.), is explained by the fact that the university consists of only one college, that of " the Holy and Undivided Trinity." This was founded under See also:charter from Queen Elizabeth in 1591. and is the greatest foundation of its See also:kind in the country. The corporation consists of a provost, 7 See also:senior fellows, 25 junior fellows and 70 scholars. A vacancy among the fellows is filled up by the provost and a select number of the fellows, after examination comprised in five principal courses, See also:mathematics, experimental See also:science, See also:classics, See also:mental and moral science and See also:Hebrew. Fellowships are held for See also:life. Until the See also:year 184o the fellows were See also:bound to See also:celibacy, but that restriction was then removed. All except five (medical and law fellows) were bound to take Holy Orders until 1872. The scholars on the foundation (or " of the House ") are chosen from among the undergraduates, for merit in classics, mathematics or experimental science.

The pecuniary advantages attaching to scholarship (2o Irish, See also:

free commons, and rooms at half the charge made to other students) last for four years. Students after an examination are admitted as See also:fellow-commoners, pensioners or sizars. Fellow-commoners, who have decreased in See also:numbers in modern times, pay higher fees than the See also:ordinary undergraduates or pensioners, and have certain advantages of See also:precedence, including the right of dining at the fellows' table. Sizarships are awarded on examination to students of limited means, and carry certain relaxations of fees. They were formerly given on the nomination of fellows. Noblemen, noblemen's sons and baronets (nobilis, filius nobilis, eques) have the See also:privilege of forming a See also:separate order with See also:peculiar advantages, on the See also:payment of additional charges. The mode of See also:admission to the university is in all cases by examination. Various exhibitions and prizes are awarded both in connexion with the entrance of students and at subsequent stages of the course of instruction, which normally lasts four years. There are three terms in each year—Michaelmas (beginning the See also:Academic year), Hilary and Trinity. The undergraduate is called in his-first year a junior freshman, in his second a senior freshman, in his third a junior sophister, and in his See also:fourth a senior sophister. The usual arts and scientific courses are provided, and there are four professional schools—divinity, law, physic and See also:engineering. The undergraduate has certain See also:examinations in each year, and four " commencements " are held every year for the purpose of conferring degrees.

Freedom is offered to students who wish to be transferred from See also:

Oxford, See also:Cambridge, or certain colonial See also:universities to Trinity College, by the recognition of terms kept in the former institutions as part of the necessary course at Trinity College. In 1903 it was decided to bestow degrees on See also:women, and in 1904 to establish women's scholarships. The funds of the college, arising from lands and the fees of students, are managed solely by the provost and seven senior fellows, who form a board, to which and to the academic See also:council the whole government of the university, both in its executive and its legislative branches, is committed. The council consists of the provost and sixteen members of the See also:senate elected by the fellows, professors, &c; the senate consists of the chancellor or his See also:deputy and doctors and masters who keep their names on the books. The See also:average number of students on the books is about 1300. By an act passed in 1873, known as See also:Fawcett's Act, all tests were abolished, and the prizes and honours of all grades hitherto reserved for Protestants of the Established Church were thrown open to all. The university returns two members to parliament. (See Dublin University See also:Calendar, See also:annual.) There remain to be mentioned the following buildings in Dublin. The permanent building of the See also:International See also:Exhibition of 1865 adjoins the See also:pleasure ground of St See also:Stephen's Green. This building was occupied by the Royal University of Ireland until its See also:dissolution under the Irish Universities Act 1908, which provided for a new university at Dublin, to which the building was transferred under the act (see IRELAND: See also:Education). The new university is called the See also:National University of Ireland. At the same See also:time a new college was founded under the name of University College.

The Royal University replaced the Queen's University under the University Act (Ireland) in 1879. No teaching was carried on, but examinations were held and degrees conferred, both on men and on women. On the west side of St Stephen's Green is the See also:

Catholic University (1854), which is under the Jesuit Fathers and affiliated to the Royal University. Between Trinity College and St Stephen's Green, a large group of buildings includes the Royal Dublin Society, founded in 1683 to develop See also:agriculture and the useful arts, with a library and See also:gallery of statuary; the Science and Arts Museum, and the National Library, the former with a noteworthy collection of Irish antiquities; the Museum of Natural See also:History, with a splendid collection of Irish See also:fauna; and the National Gallery of Ireland, founded in 1853. Here was once a residence of the duke of Leinster, and the buildings surround the open space of Leinster See also:Lawn. Educational See also:foundations include the Royal College of Physicians, of Surgeons and of Science; the Royal Irish See also:Academy, with an unequalled collection of national antiquities, including manuscripts and a library; and the Royal Hibernian Academy of See also:painting, See also:sculpture and architecture. In 1904 theformation of a municipally supported gallery of modern See also:art (mainly due to the initiative and generosity of Mr See also:Hugh See also:Lane) was signalized by an exhibition including the pictures intended to constitute the See also:nucleus of the gallery In 1905 King Edward VII. laid the foundation stone of a college of science on a site in the vicinity of Leinster Lawn. The full See also:scheme for the occupation of the site included, not only the college, but also offices for the Board of Works and the See also:Department of Agriculture. The famous Dublin See also:Horse and Agricultural Shows are held at Ball's Bridge in See also:April, See also:August and See also:December. The most notable churches apart from the cathedrals are See also:Roman Catholic and principally modern. The lofty church of the See also:Augustinians in Thomas Street; St Mary's, the See also:pro-cathedral, in See also:Marlborough Street, with Grecian ornamentation within, and a Doric portico; St See also:Paul's on See also:Arran Quay, in the Ionic style; and the striking St Francis See also:Xavier in See also:Gardiner Street, also Ionic, are all noteworthy, and the last is one of the finest modern churches in Ireland. Among theatres Dublin has, in the Royal, a handsome building which replaced the old Theatre Royal, burnt down in 1880.

Clubs, which are numerous, are chiefly found in the neighbourhood of Sackville Street; and there should further be mentioned the Rotunda, at the corner of Great See also:

Britain Street and Sackville Street, a beautiful building of its kind, belonging to the adjacent hospital, and used for concerts and other entertainments, while its gardens are used for agricultural shows. Suburbs.—To the west of the city lies the Phoenix Park. Here, besides the viceregal See also:demesne and See also:lodge and the See also:magazine, are a zoological garden, a See also:people's garden, the Wellington monument, two barracks, the Hibernian military school, the " Fifteen Acres," a natural See also:amphitheatre (of much greater extent than its name implies) used as a See also:review ground, and a racecourse. The amenities of Phoenix Park were enhanced in 1905 by the See also:purchase for the See also:crown of See also:land extending along the Liffey from Island bridge to Chapelizod, which might otherwise have been built over. To the south lies Kilmainham. Here is the royal hospital for pensioners and maimed soldiers. Close by is Kilmainham prison. To the west the valley of the Liffey affords pleasant scenery, with the well-known grounds called the " See also:Strawberry Beds " on the north bank. In this direction lies Chapelizod, said to take its name from that Iseult whom See also:Tennyson, See also:Matthew See also:Arnold and See also:Wagner made a heroine; beyond which is See also:Lucan connected with the city by See also:tramway. Northward lies Clondalkin, with its See also:round tower, marking the site of the important early see of Cluain Dolcain; Glasnevin, with famous botanical gardens; Finglas, with a ruined church of early foundation, and an Irish See also:cross; and Clontarf, a favoured resort on the bay, with its modern castle and many residences of the wealthy classes in the vicinity. South of the city are Rathmines, a populous suburb, near which, at the " Bloody See also:Fields," English colonists were murdered by the natives in 1209; and See also:Donnybrook, celebrated for its former See also:fair. Rathmines, Monkstown, Clontarf, See also:Dalkey and Killiney, with the neighbourhood of See also:Kingstown and See also:Pembroke, are the most favoured residential districts.

See also:

Howth, Malahide and See also:Sutton to the north, and See also:Bray to the south, are favoured seaside watering-places outside the See also:radius of actual suburbs. Communications.—The See also:direct route to Dublin from London and other parts of See also:England is by the Holyhead route, controlled by the London & North Western railway with steamers to the See also:port of Dublin itself, while the See also:company also works in See also:conjunction with the See also:mail steamers of the City of Dublin See also:Steam Packet Company to the outlying port of Kingstown, 7 M. S.E. Passenger steamers, however, also serve See also:Liverpool, See also:Heysham, See also:Bristol, the south coast ports of England and London; See also:Edinburgh and See also:Glasgow, and other ports of Great Britain. The See also:railways leaving Dublin are the following: the Great Northern, with its See also:terminus in See also:Amiens Street, with suburban lines, and a See also:main See also:line See also:running north to See also:Drogheda, See also:Dundalk and See also:Belfast, with ramifications through the northern countries; the Great Southern & Western (See also:Kingsbridge terminus) to See also:Kilkenny, See also:Athlone and Cork; the Midland Great Western (Broadstone terminus), to See also:Cavan, See also:Sligo and See also:Galway; the Dublin Z z., South-Eastern (See also:Harcourt Street and Westland See also:Row for Kingstown); and there is the North Wall station of the London & North-Western, with the line known as the North Wall extension, connecting with the other main lines. The See also:internal communications of the city are excellent, electric tramways traversing the principal streets, and connecting all the principal suburbs. Trade.—Dublin was for See also:long stigmatized as lacking, for so large a city, in the proper signs of commercial enterprise. A certain spirit of foolish See also:pride was said to exist which sought to disown trade; and the tendency to be poor and genteel in the See also:civil service, at the See also:bar, in the constabulary, in the See also:army, in professional life, rather than prosperous in business, was one of the most unfortunate and strongly marked characteristics of Dublin society. This was attributable to the lingering yet potent See also:influence of an unhappy past was held by some; while others attributed the weakness to the viceregal office and the effects of a sham court. About the time of the Revolution, the woollen trade flourished in Dublin, and the produce attained great celebrity. The cheapness of labour attracted capitalists, who started extensive factories in that quarter of the See also:town known even now as the Liberties. This quarter was inhabited altogether by workers in See also:wool, and as the city was small, the See also:aristocracy lived close by in See also:noble mansions which are now See also:miser-able memorials of past prosperity.

About 1700 the English legislature prevailed on See also:

William III. to assent to See also:laws which directly crushed the Irish trade. All exportation except to England was peremptorily forbidden, and the woollen manufacture soon decayed. But at the close of the 18th century there were 5000 persons at work in the looms of the Liberties. About 1715 parliament favoured the manufacture of See also:linen, and the Linen Hall was built. The See also:cotton trade was soon afterwards introduced; and See also:silk manufacture was begun by the See also:Huguenots, who had settled in Dublin in considerable numbers after the revocation of the See also:edict of See also:Nantes. Acts favourable to these enterprises were passed, and they flourished apace. But the old jealously arose in the reign of George I., and in the reign of George III. an act was passed which tended directly to the ruin of the manufacture. The linen shared the same See also:fate. Dublin poplins, however, keep their reputation. However adverse influences may have been combated, Dublin yet produces little for export See also:save See also:whisky and See also:porter, the latter from the famous Guinness brewery and others; but a considerable export trade, principally in agricultural produce, passes through Dublin from the country. The See also:total annual export trade may be valued at about £120,000, while imports exceed in value £3,000,000. To the manufacturing See also:industries of the city there should be added See also:mineral See also:water works, foundries and See also:shipbuilding.

By continual dredging a great See also:

depth of water is kept available in the See also:harbour. The Dublin Port and Docks Board, which was Harbour, created in 1898 and consists of the See also:mayor and six members of the corporation, with other members representing the trading and shipping interests, undertook considerable works of improvement at the beginning of the loth century. These improvements, inter alia, enabled vessels See also:drawing up to 23 ft. to lie alongside the extensive quays which border the Liffey, at See also:low See also:tide. The extensive Alexandra tidal See also:basin, on the north side of the Liffey, admits vessels of similar capacity. The See also:Custom House Works on the north side have about 17 ft. of water. With docks named after them are connected the Royal and See also:Grand Canals, passing respectively to north and south of the city, the one penetrating the great central plain of Ireland on the north, the other following the course of the Liffey, doing the same on the south, and both joining the river See also:Shannon. The docks attached to the canals, and certain other smaller docks, are owned by companies, and tolls are levied on vessels entering these, but not those entering the docks under the Board. Government.—Dublin was formerly represented by two members in the imperial parliament, but in 1885 the parlia- mentary borough was divided into the four divisions of College Green, Harbour, St Stephen's Green and St Patrick's, each returning one member. The lord-See also:lieutenant of Ireland occupies Dublin Castle and the Viceregal Lodge in Phoenix Park. Dublin is thus the seat of the viceregal court. It is also the seat of the Irish courts of law and See also:equity. In connexion with these it may be noted that in 1904 a special court was established for See also:children.

On the constitution of Dublin as a county borough in 1898, the positions and duties of its corporation were left practically unaltered. The corporation consists of a lord mayor, 20 aldermen and 6o councillors, representing 20 wards. The income of the See also:

body arises from rents on See also:property, customs and taxes. Under an act passed in 1875 the corporation has the right to forward every year three names of persons suitable for the office of high See also:sheriff to the See also:viceroy, one of which shall be selected by him. The corporation has neither See also:control over the police nor any judicial duties, excepting as regards a court of See also:conscience dealing with debts under 40S. (Irish); while the lord mayor holds a court for debts over 40s., and for the See also:settlement of cases between masters and servants. The lord mayor is clerk of the markets and supervises weights and See also:measures and deals with cases of See also:adulteration. Besides the usual duties of local government, and the connexion with the port and docks boards already explained, there should be noticed the connexion of the corporation with such bodies as those controlling the city technical schools, the Royal Irish Academy of See also:Music, and the gallery of modern art. The corporation has shown some concern for the See also:housing of the poor, and an extensive scheme taken up in 1904 included the See also:provision of cottage dwellings in the suburbs, as at Clontarf, besides improvements within the city itself., In 1505 a See also:home on the model of the See also:Rowton Houses in London, provided by Lord Iveagh, was opened in See also:Bride Road. A competent See also:fire-See also:brigade is maintained by the corporation. The city See also:coroner is a corporate officer. The city hall, used as municipal offices, has already been mentioned; the official residence of the lord mayor is the See also:Mansion House, See also:Dawson Street.

The Dublin See also:

metropolitan police is a force peculiar to the city, the See also:remainder of Ireland being protected civilly by the Royal Irish Constabulary. A large military force is usually maintained in the city of Dublin, which is the headquarters of the military district of Dublin and of the See also:staff of Ireland (q.v.). The troops are accommodated in several large barracks in various parts of the city. Charities.—The number of charitable institutions is large. The hospital and Free School of King See also:Charles I., commonly called the See also:Blue Coat hospital, was founded in 1670. It is devoted to the education and See also:maintenance of the sons of citizens in poor circumstances. Before the Irish Parliament Houses were erected the parliament met in the school building. Among hospitals those of special general interest are the See also:Steevens, the oldest in the city, founded under the will of Dr See also:Richard Steevens in 1720; the Mater Misericordiae (1861),which includes a laboratory and museum, and is managed by the Sisters of See also:Mercy, but relieves sufferers independently of their creed; the Rotunda lying-in hospital (1756); the Royal hospital for incurables, Donnybrook, which was founded in 1744 by the Dublin Musical Society; and the Royal Victoria See also:Eye and See also:Ear hospital, See also:Adelaide Road, which amalgamated (1904) two similar institutions. Lunatics are maintained in St Patrick's hospital, founded in 1745, pursuant to the will of Dean Swift, and conducted by See also:governors appointed under the charter of See also:incorporation. The Richmond lunatic asylum, erected near the House of See also:Industry, and placed under the care of See also:officers appointed by government, receives patients from a district consisting of the counties of Dublin, See also:Louth, See also:Meath and Wicklow, each of these contributing towards its expenses in proportion to the number of patients sent in. Besides these public establishments for the custody of lunatics, there are in the vicinity of Dublin various private asylums. The principal institution for See also:blind men (and also those afflicted by See also:gout) is See also:Simpson's hospital (1780), founded by a merchant of Dublin; while blind women are maintained at the Molyneux asylum (1815).

An institution for the maintenance and education of children See also:

born See also:deaf and dumb is maintained at See also:Claremont, near Glasnevin (18,6). The See also:plan of the Royal hospital, for old and maimed soldiers, was first suggested by the earl of See also:Essex, when lord-lieutenant, and carried into effect through the repeated applications of the duke of See also:Ormond to Charles II. The site chosen for it was that of the ancient priory of Kilmainham, founded by Strongbow for Knights See also:Templars. The building, completed in 1684, according to a plan of Sir See also:Christopher See also:Wren, is an oblong, three sides of which are dwelling-rooms, connected by covered corridors. The fourth contains the chapel, the dining-hall, and the apartments of the See also:master, who is always the See also:commander of the forces for the time being. The Royal Hibernian military school in Phoenix Park (1765) provides for soldiers' See also:orphan sons. The Drummond Institution, Chapelizod, for the orphan daughters of soldiers, was established in 1864 by John Drummond, See also:alderman, who left £20,000 to found the asylum. The Hibernian Marine Society for the maintenance of See also:seamen's sons was established in the city in 1766, but now has buildings at Clontarf. The Roman Catholic Church has charge of a number of special charities, some of them educational and some for the See also:relief of suffering. History.-The name of Dublin signifies the " See also:Black See also:pool." The early' history is mainly legendary. It is recorded that the inhabitants of Leinster were defeated by the people of Dublin in the year 291. See also:Christianity was introduced by St Patrick about 450.

In the 9th century the Danes attacked Dublin and took it. The first Norseman who may be reckoned as king was Thorkel I. (832), though the Danes had appeared in the country as•early as the close of the previous century. Thorkel established himself strongly at Armagh. In 1014 See also:

Brian Boroihme, king of See also:Munster, attacked the enemy and fought the battle of Clontarf, in which he and his son and 11,000 of his followers fell. The Irish, however, won the battle, but the Danes reoccupied the city. See also:Constant struggles with 'the Irish resulted in intermissions of the Danish supremacy from 1o52 to 1072, at various intervals between 1075 And 1118 and from 1124 to 1136. The Danes were finally ousted by the Anglo-See also:Normans in 1171. In 1172 Henry II. landed at See also:Waterford, and came to Dublin and held his court there in a See also:pavilion of wickerwork where the Irish chiefs were entertained with great pomp, and alliances entered into with them. Previous to his departure for England, Henry bestowed the government on Hugh de See also:Lacy, having granted by charter " to his subjects of Bristol his city of Dublin to inhabit, and to hold of him and his heirs for ever, with all the liberties and free customs which his subjects of Bristol then enjoyed at Bristol and through all England." In 1176 Strongbow, earl of Pembroke, and chief See also:leader of the Anglo-Norman forces, died in Dublin of a See also:mortification in one of his feet, and was buried in Christ Church Cathedral, where his monument remains well preserved. A fresh charter was granted in 1207 by King John to the inhabitants of Dublin, who had not yet made their See also:peace with the neighbourhood, but, like the settlers in other towns, were at constant See also:feud with the native Irish; so that two years after the date of this charter, whilst the citizens of Dublin were celebrating See also:Easter at Cullenswood, they were set upon by the Irish of the neighbouring mountains, and 500 of them killed. The See also:scene of slaughter is still called the Bloody Fields, and Easter See also:Monday denominated Black Monday.

On each succeeding anniversary of that See also:

day, with the prevalent See also:desire of perpetuating a feud, the citizens marched out to Cullenswood with banners displayed—" a terror to the native Irish." In 1216 Magna Carta, a copy of which is to be found in the Red Book of the See also:Exchequer, was granted to the Irish by Henry III. In 1217 the See also:fee See also:farm of the city was granted to the citizens at a See also:rent of 200 marks per annum; and about this period many monastic buildings were founded. In 1227 the same monarch confirmed the charter of John fixing the city boundaries and the See also:jurisdiction of its magistrates. During the invasion of Ireland by Edward See also:Bruce in 1315 some of the suburbs of Dublin were burnt to prevent them from falling into his See also:hand. The inroad of Bruce had been countenanced by the native Irish ecclesiastics, whose sentiments were recorded in a statement addressed to See also:Pope John XXII. Some notion of the See also:defence made against Bruce's invasion may be gained from the fact that the churches were torn down to See also:supply stones for the building of the city walls. Bruce had seized See also:Greencastle on his See also:march; but the natives re-took the town,and brought to Dublin the See also:governor who. had yielded to Bruce. He was starved to death. Richard II. erected Dublin into a marquisate in favour of See also:Robert de See also:Vere, whom he also created duke of Ireland. The same monarch entered Dublin in 1394 with 30,000 bowmen and 4000 See also:cavalry, bringing with him the crown jewels; but after holding a parliament and making much courtly display before the native chieftains, on several of whom he conferred See also:knighthood, he returned to England. Five years later, enriched with the spoils of his See also:uncle, John of Gaunt, Richard returned to Ireland, landing at Waterford, whence he marched through the counties of Kilkenny and Wicklow, and subsequently arrived in Dublin, where he remained a fortnight, sumptuously entertained by the provost, as the chief See also:magistrate of the city was then called, till intelligence of the invasion of his kingdom by See also:Bolingbroke recalled him to England. In 1534 Lord Thomas See also:Fitzgerald, better known as Silken Thomas (so called because of a fantastic fringe worn in the See also:helmet of his followers), a See also:young See also:man of rash courage and good abilities, son of the Lord Deputy See also:Kildare, believing his father, who was imprisoned in the Tower of London, to have been beheaded, organized a See also:rebellion against the English Government, and marched with his followers from the mansion of the earls of Kildare in Thomas Court, through Dame's See also:Gate to St Mary's See also:Abbey, where, in the council chamber, he proclaimed himself a See also:rebel.

On his appearing before the wall with a powerful force, the citizens were induced through fear to give admission to a detachment of his troops to besiege the castle; but, on See also:

hearing that he had met with a See also:reverse in another quarter, they suddenly closed their See also:gates and detained his men as prisoners. He then attacked the city itself; but, finding it too strong to be seized by a coup de main, he raised the See also:siege on condition of having his captured soldiers exchanged for the children of some of the principal citizens who had fallen into his hands. After much vicissitude of See also:fortune, Lord Thomas and others concerned in this rebellion were executed at See also:Tyburn in 1536. At the outbreak of civil See also:war in 1641, a See also:conspiracy of the Irish septs, under the direction of See also:Roger See also:Moore, to seize Dublin Castle, was disclosed by one See also:Owen Connolly on the See also:eve of the day on which the attempt was to have been made, and the city was thus preserved for the king's party; but the Irish outside began an indiscriminate extermination of the Protestant population. In 1646 Dublin was besieged, but without success, by the Irish army of 16,000 See also:foot and 1600 horse, under the guidance of the Pope's See also:nuncio See also:Rinuccini and others, banded together " to restore and establish in Ireland the exercise of the Roman Catholic See also:religion." The city had been put in an efficient See also:state of defence by the See also:marquess of See also:Ormonde, then lord-lieutenant; but in the following year, to prevent it falling into the hands of the Irish, he surrendered it on conditions to See also:Colonel See also:Jones, commander of the Parliamentary forces. In 1649 Ormonde was totally defeated at the battle of Baggotrath, near Old Rathmines, in an attempt to recover possession. The same year See also:Cromwell landed in Dublin, as commander-in-chief under the parliament, with 9000 foot and 4000 horse, and proceeded thence on his career of See also:conquest. When James II. landed in Ireland in 1689 to assert his right to the See also:British See also:throne, he held a parliament in Dublin, which passed acts of See also:attainder against upwards of 3000 Protestants. The governor of the city, Colonel See also:Luttrell, at the same time issued a See also:proclamation ordering all Protestants not housekeepers, excepting those following some trade, to depart from the city within 24 See also:hours, under See also:pain of death or imprisonment, and in various ways restricting those who were allowed ,to remain. In the hope of relieving his See also:financial difficulties, the king erected a See also:mint, where See also:money was coined of the " worst kind of old See also:brass, guns and the refuse of metals, melted down together," of the nominal value of £1,568,800, with which his troops were paid, and trades-men were compelled to receive it under See also:penalty of being hanged in See also:case of refusal. Under these regulations' the entire coinage was put into circulation. After his defeat at the battle of the Boyne, James returned to Dublin, but left it again before daybreak the next day; and William III. advancing by slow See also:marches, on his arrival encamped at Finglas, with upwards of 30,000 men, and the following day proceeded in state to St Patrick's cathedral to return thanks for his victory.

In 1783 a See also:

convention of delegates from all the volunteer See also:corps in Ireland assembled in Dublin for the purpose of procuring a reform in parliament; but the House of Commons refused to entertain the proposition, and the convention separated without coming to any See also:practical result. In May 1798 the breaking out of a conspiracy planned by the United Irishmen to seize the city was prevented by the See also:capture of Lord Edward Fitzgerald, son of the duke of Leinster and See also:husband of the celebrated " Pamela." Lord Edward died in prison of the wounds received in the encounter which preceded his capture. In 1803 an insurrection headed by Robert See also:Emmett, a young See also:barrister of much promise, See also:broke out, but was immediately quelled, with the loss of some lives in the tumult, and the death of its leaders on the See also:scaffold. In 1848 William See also:Smith O'Brien, M.P. for See also:Limerick, raised a rebellion in See also:Tipperary, and the See also:lower classes in Dublin were greatly agitated. Owing, however, to timely and judicious disposition of the military and police forces the city was saved from much bloodshed. In 1867 the most serious of modern conspiracies, that known as the Fenian organization, came to See also:light. The reality of it was proved by a See also:ship being found laden with gunpowder in the Liverpool docks, and another with £5000 and 2000 See also:pike-heads in Dublin. The Habeas Corpus Act was suspended at one sitting by both Houses of Parliament and about 96o arrests were made in Dublin in a few hours. Dublin castle was fortified; and the citizens lived in a state of terror for several See also:weeks together. For later history, see IRELAND. See W. See also:Harris, History and Antiquities of the City of Dublin (Dublin, 1766); Sir J.

T. See also:

Gilbert, History of the City of Dublin (Dublin, 1859). The history of the Norsemen in Dublin has been dealt with by a See also:Norwegian writer, L. J. See also:Vogt, Dublin som Norsk By (See also:Christiania, 1896).

End of Article: DUBLIN

Additional information and Comments

There are no comments yet for this article.
» Add information or comments to this article.
Please link directly to this article:
Highlight the code below, right click, and select "copy." Then paste it into your website, email, or other HTML.
Site content, images, and layout Copyright © 2006 - Net Industries, worldwide.
Do not copy, download, transfer, or otherwise replicate the site content in whole or in part.

Links to articles and home page are always encouraged.

[back]
DUBBO 		[next]
DUBNER, JOHANN FRIEDRICH (1802–1867)

Site © 2006 - Net Industries