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German populations of these employed at the end of the fifth, but in later varieties different lands seem in Roman times to have been scanty, and Roman rhyming words are employed.. There is much uncertainty as subjects from the modern See also:

ALSACE (Ger. Elsass)

Alsace and See also:

LORRAINE

Lorraine had drifted across to the meaning of the name, and as to the See also:

time when it became the See also:

RIVER

river eastwards. The motives alike of See also:

GEOGRAPHICAL

geographical See also:

con-attached to a particular See also:

SPECIES

species of nonsense verses. According venience and of the advantages to be gained by recognizing these to the New Eng. See also:

DIET

Diet. " a See also:

SONG

song has existed in See also:

Ireland for a very movements of Roman subjects combined to urge a forward considerable time, the construction of the verse of which is policy at See also:

Rome, and when the vigorous See also:

VESPASIAN

Vespasian had succeeded identical with that of See also:

LEAR, EDWARD (1812-1888)

Lear's " (see below), and in which the the See also:

FOOL (O. Fr. fol, modern fou, foolish, from a Late Latin use of follis, bellows, a ball filled with air, for a stupid person, a jester, a wind-bag)

fool-criminal See also:

NERO (37-68)

Nero, a See also:

SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of advances began which gradually invitation is repeated, " Will you come up to Limerick ?

" closed up the acute See also:

ANGLE (from the Lat. angulus, a corner, a diminutive, of which the primitive form, angus, does not occur in Latin; cognate are the Lat. angere, to compress into a bend or to strangle, and the Gr. ayKOS, a bend; both connected with the Aryan root ank-, to

angle, or at least rendered it obtuse. Unfortunately, the specimen quoted in the New Eng. Diet. is not The first advance came about 74, when what is now Baden only not identical with, but does not resemble Lear's. Whatever was invaded and in part annexed and a road carried from the be the derivation of the name, however, it is now universally Roman See also:

BASE

base on the upper Rhine, See also:

STRASSBURG, or STRASBURG (French Strasbourg)

Strassburg, to the Danube used to describe a set of verses formed on this See also:

MODEL (0. Fr. modelle, mod. modele; It. modello, pattern, mould; from Lat. modus, measure, standard)

model, with the just above See also:

Ulm. The point of the angle was broken off. The See also:

variations in See also:

RHYME

rhyme noted above:— second advance was made by See also:

DOMITIAN (Thus FLAVIUS DOMITIANUS)

Domitian about A.D. 83. He " There was an old See also:

man who said ' Hush! pushed out from Moguntiacum, extended the Roman territory I perceive a See also:

young See also:

BIRD

bird in that See also:

BUSH

bush! ' See also:

east of it and enclosed the whole within a systematically de- When they said, 'Is it small? ' limited and defended frontier with numerous blockhouses along He replied, Not at all! it and larger forts in the See also:

REAR

rear. Among the blockhouses was one It is five times the See also:

SIZE

size of the bush.' " which by various enlargements and refoundations See also:

GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew into the The invention, or at least the earliest See also:

general use of this form, well-known Saalburg fort on the See also:

TAUNUS

Taunus near Homburg. This advance necessitated a third See also:

MOVEMENT

movement, the construction of a frontier connecting the annexations of A.D.

7a and 83. We know the line of this frontier which ran from the See also:

Main across the upland See also:

ODENWALD

Odenwald to the upper See also:

WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters of the See also:

NECKAR

Neckar and was defended by a See also:

CHAIN (through the O. Fr. citable, chcene, &c., from Lat. catena)

chain of forts. We do not, however, know its date, See also:

SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save that, if not. Domitian's See also:

WORK

work, it was carried out soon after his See also:

DEATH

death, and the whole frontier thus constituted was reorganized, probably by See also:

HADRIAN (PUBLICS AELIUS HADRIANUS)

Hadrian, with a continuous wooden palisade reaching from Rhine to Danube. The angle between the See also:

rivers was now almost full. But there remained further advance and further fortification. Either Hadrian or, more probably, his successor See also:

PIUS

Pius pushed out from the Odenwald and the Danube, and marked out a new frontier roughly parallel to but in advance of these two lines, though sometimes, as on the Taunus, coinciding with the older line. This is the frontier which is now visible and visited by the curious. It consists, as we see it to-See also:

day, of two distinct frontier See also:

WORKS

works, one, 'known as the Pfahlgraben, is an earthen See also:

MOUND

mound and ditch, best seen in the neighbourhood of the Saalburg but once extending from the Rhine southwards into southern See also:

Germany. The other, which begins where the earthwork stops, is a See also:

wall, though See also:

RIOT (0. Fr. riote, of uncertain etymology)

riot a very formidable wall, of See also:

stone, the Teufelsmauer; it runs roughly east and See also:

west parallel to the Danube, which it finally joins at Heinheim near See also:

REGENSBURG (RATISBON)

Regensburg. The Pfahlgraben is remark-able for the extraordinary directness of its southern part, which for over 50 M. runs mathematically straight and points almost absolutely true for the Polar See also:

STAR

star. It is a clear See also:

case of an See also:

ancient frontier laid out in See also:

AMERICAN

American See also:

FASHION (adapted from Fr. facon, agon, Lat. factio, making, facere, to do or make)

fashion.

This frontier remained for about zoo years, and no doubt in that long See also:

period much was done to it to which we cannot affix precise See also:

DATES

dates. We cannot even be absolutely certain when the frontier laid out by Pius was equipped with the Pfahlgraben and Teufelsmauer. But we know that the pressure of the barbarians began to be See also:

FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt seriously in the later part of the 2nd century, and after long struggles the whole or almost the whole See also:

DISTRICT

district east of Rhine and See also:

north of Danube was lost—seemingly all within one See also:

SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short period—about A.D. 250. The best See also:

ENGLISH

English See also:

account will be found in H. F. See also:

Pelham's See also:

ESSAY, ESSAYIST (Fr. essai, Late Lat. exagium, a weighing or balance; exigere, to examine; the term in general meaning any trial or effort)

essay in Trans. of the Royal Hist. See also:

Soc. vol. 2o, reprinted in his Collected Papers, pp. 178-211 (See also:

Oxford, 1910), where the German authorities are fully cited. (F. _J.

End of Article: LIMERICK

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