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DUBBO

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Originally appearing in Volume V08, Page 617 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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DUBBO , a municipal See also:

town of See also:Lincoln See also:county, New See also:South See also:Wales, See also:Australia, on the See also:Macquarie See also:river, 278 M. by See also:rail N.W. of See also:Sydney. Pop. (1901) 3409. It is a flourishing manufacturing town in a See also:pastoral See also:district, in See also:part also cultivated. See also:Coal and See also:copper are found in the neighbourhood. DU BELLAY, See also:GUILLAUME, SIEUR DE LANGEY (1491-1543), See also:French soldier and diplomat, was See also:born at the See also:chateau of See also:Glatigny, near Montmirail, in 1491. His See also:father, See also:Louis du Bellay-Langey,. was a younger son of the Angevin See also:family of du Bellay, which from the 14th See also:century was distinguished in the service of the See also:dukes of See also:Anjou and afterwards of the See also:kings of See also:France; and Louis had six sons, who were among the best servants of See also:Francis I. Guillaume, the eldest, is one of the most remarkable figures of the See also:time; a brave soldier, a humanist and a historian, he was above all the most able diplomat at the command of Francis I., prodigiously active, and excelling in See also:secret negotiations. He entered the military service at an See also:early See also:age, was taken prisoner at See also:Pavia (1525) and shared the captivity of Francis I. His skill and devotion attached him to the See also:king. His See also:missions to See also:Spain, See also:Italy, See also:England and See also:Germany were innumerable; sent three times to England in 1529–1530, he was occupied with the See also:execution of the treaty of See also:Cambrai and also with the question of See also:Henry VIII.'s See also:divorce, and with the help of his See also:brother See also:Jean, then See also:bishop of See also:Paris, he obtained a decision favourable to Henry VIII. from the See also:Sorbonne (See also:July 2, 1J30). From 1532 to 1536, though he went three times to England, he was principally employed in uniting the See also:German princes against See also:Charles V.; in May 1532 he signed the treaty of Scheyern with the dukes of See also:Bavaria, the See also:landgrave of See also:Hesse, and the elector of See also:Saxony, and in See also:January 1534 the treaty of See also:Augsburg.

During the See also:

war of 1537 Francis I. sent him on missions to See also:Piedmont; he was See also:governor of See also:Turin from See also:December 1537 till the end of 1539, and subsequently replacing See also:Marshal d'Annebaut as governor of the whole of Piedmont, he displayed See also:great capacity in organization. But at the end of 1542, overwhelmed by See also:work, he was compelled to return to France, and died near See also:Lyons on the 9th of January 1543. See also:Rabelais, an See also:eye-See also:witness, has See also:left a moving See also:story of his See also:death (Pantagruel, iii. ch. 21, and iv. ch. 27). He was buried in the See also:cathedral of Le Mans, where a See also:monument was erected to his memory, with the inscription, " Ci git Langey, dont la plume et 1'See also:epee Ont surmonte Ciceron et Pompee "; Charles V. is said to have remarked that Langey, by his own unaided efforts, did more See also:mischief and thwarted more schemes than all the French together. Guillaume du Bellay was the devoted See also:protector of freedom of thought; without actually joining the reformers, he defended the innovators against their fanatical opponents. In 1534-1535 he even tried, unsuccessfully, to bring about a See also:meeting between Francis I. and See also:Melanchthon; and in 1541 he intervened in favour of the Vaudois. Rabelais was the most famous of his clients, and followed him to Piedmont from 1540 to 1542. Guillaume was himself a valuable historian, and a clear and precise writer. He imitated See also:Livy in his Ogdoades, a See also:history of the rivalry between Francis I. and the See also:emperor from 1521, of which, though he had no time to finish it, important fragments remain, inserted by his brother See also:Martin du Bellay (d. 1559) in his Memoires (1569).

The celebrated Instructions, reprinted as 7'raite de la discipline militaire in 1554 and 1592, was formerly attributed to him, but it has been proved that he could not have written it (see See also:

Bayle, Dict. Hist. 502, and Jahns, Geschichte der Kriegswissenschaften, 498 seq.); this work, however, is of the highest value for the study of the military See also:art of the 16th century; in 1550 an See also:Italian, in 1567 a See also:Spanish, and in 1594 and 1619 German See also:translations were published. See also the edition of Martin du Bellay's Memoires by See also:Michaud and Poujoulat (1838), and Bourrilly's Fragments de la premiere Ogdoade (Paris, 1905). There is an excellent study of Guillaume du Bellay by V. L. Bourrilly (Paris, 1905). U. I.) DU BELLAY, JEAN (c. 1493-1560), French See also:cardinal and diplomat, younger brother of Guillaume du Bellay, appears as bishop of See also:Bayonne in 1526, member of the privy See also:council in 1530, and bishop of Paris in 1532. Supple and See also:clever, he was well fitted for a See also:diplomatic career, and carried out several missions in England (1527-1534) and See also:Rome (1534-1536). In 1535 he received his cardinal's See also:hat; in 1536-1537 he was nominated " See also:lieutenant-See also:general " to the king at Paris and in the Yle de France, and was entrusted with the organization of the See also:defence against the imperialists.

When Guillaume du Bellay went to Piedmont, Jean was put in See also:

charge of the negotiations with the German Protestants, principally through the humanist Johann See also:Sturm and the historian Johann Sleidan. In the last years of the reign of Francis I., cardinal du Bellay was in favour with the duchesse d'See also:Etampes, and received a number of benefices—the bishopric of See also:Limoges (1541), archbishopric of See also:Bordeaux (1544), bishopric of Le Mans (1546) ; but his See also:influence in the council was supplanted by that of Cardinal de See also:Tournon. Under Henry II., being involved in the disgrace of all the servants of Francis I., he was sent to Rome (1547), and he obtained eight votes in the See also:conclave which followed the death of See also:Pope See also:Paul III. After three quiet years passed in retirement in France (1550-1553), he was charged with a new See also:mission to Pope See also:Julius III. and took with him to Rome his See also:young See also:cousin the poet See also:Joachim du Bellay (q.v.). He lived in Rome thenceforth in great See also:state. In 1555 he was nominated bishop of See also:Ostia and See also:dean of the Sacred See also:College, an See also:appointment which was disapproved of by Henry II. and brought him into fresh disgrace, lasting till his death in Rome on the 16th of See also:February 1560. Less resolute and reliable than his brother Guillaume, the cardinal had brilliant qualities, and an open and See also:free mind. He was on the See also:side of See also:toleration and protected the reformers. Budaeus was his friend, Rabelais his faithful secretary and See also:doctor ; men of letters, like See also:Etienne See also:Dolet, and the poet See also:Salmon Macrin, were indebted to him for assistance. An orator and writer of Latin See also:verse, he left three books of graceful Latin poems (printed with Salmon Macrin's Odes, 1546, by R. See also:Estienne), and some other compositions, including Francisci Francorum regis epistola apologetica (1542). His voluminous See also:correspondence, mostly in MS., is remarkable for its verve and picturesque quality.

U. I.) DU BELLAY, JOACHIM (c. 1522-1560), French poet and critic, member of the Pleiade, was born' at the chateau of La Turmeliere, not far from Lire, near See also:

Angers, being the son of Jean du Bellay, seigneur de Gonnor, cousin-Berman of the cardinal Jean du Bellay and of Guillaume du Bellay. Both his parents died while he was still a See also:child, and he was left to the guardianship of his See also:elder brother, Rene du Bellay, who neglected his See also:education, leaving him to run See also:wild at La Turmeliere. When he was twenty-three, however, he received permission to go to See also:Poitiers to study See also:law, no doubt with a view to his obtaining perferment through his kinsman the Cardinal Jean du Bellay. At Poitiers he came in contact with the humanist Marc See also:Antoine Muret, and with Jean Salmon Macrin (1490-1557), a Latin poet famous in his See also:day. There too he probably met Jacques Peletier du Mans, who had published a See also:translation of the Ars poetica of See also:Horace, with a See also:preface in which much of the See also:programme advocated later by the Pleiade is to be found in outline. It was probably in 1547 that du Bellay met. See also:Ronsard in an See also:inn on the way to Poitiers, an event which may justly be regarded as the starting-point of the French school of See also:Renaissance See also:poetry. The two had much in See also:common, and immediately became fast See also:friends. Du Bellay returned with Ronsard to Paris to join the circle of students of the humanities attached to Jean See also:Daurat (q.v.) at the College de Coqueret. While Ronsard and Antoine de See also:Bail were most influenced by See also:Greek See also:models, du Bellay was more especially a Latinist, and perhaps his preference for a See also:language so nearly connected with his own had some part in determining the more See also:national and See also:familiar See also:note of his poetry.

In 1548 appeared the Art poetique of See also:

Thomas Sibilet, who enunciated many of the ideas that Ronsard and his followers had at See also:heart, though with essential See also:differences in the point of view, since he held up as models See also:Clement See also:Marot and his disciples. Ronsard and his friends dissented violently from Sibilet on this and other points, and they doubtless See also:felt a natural resentment at finding their ideas forestalled and, moreover, inadequately presented. The famous manifesto of the Pleiade, the Defence et See also:illustration de la langue francoyse (1549), was at once a See also:complement and a refutation of Sibilet's See also:treatise. This See also:book was the expression of the See also:literary principles of the Pleiade as a whole, but although Ronsard was the chosen See also:leader, its redaction was entrusted to du Bellay. To obtain a clear view of the reforms aimed at by the Pleiade, the Defence should be further considered in connexion with Ronsard's Abrege d'art poetique and his preface to the Franciade. Du Bellay maintained that the French language as it was then constituted was too poor to serve as a See also:medium for the higher forms of poetry, but he contended that by proper cultivation it might be brought on a level with the classical See also:tongues. He condemned those who despaired of their See also:mother See also:tongue, and used Latin for their more serious and ambitious work. For translations from the ancients he would substitute imitations. Not only were the forms of classical poetry to be imitated, but a See also:separate poetic language and See also:style, distinct from those employed in See also:prose, were to be used. The French language was to be enriched by a development of its See also:internal resources and by discreet borrowing from the Latin and Greek. Both du Bellay and Ronsard laid stress on the See also:necessity of prudence in these borrowings, and both repudiated the charge of wishing to latinize their mother tongue. The book was a spirited defence of poetry and of the possibilities of the French language; it was also a See also:declaration of war on those writers who held less heroic views.

The violent attacks made by du Bellay on Marot and his followers, and on Sibilet, did not go unanswered. Sibilet replied in the preface to his translation (1549) of the Iphigenia of See also:

Euripides; Guillaume See also:des Autels, a Lyonnese poet, reproached du Bellay with ingratitude to his predecessors, and showed the weakness of his See also:argument for See also:imitation as opposed to translation in a digression in his Replique aux furieuses defenses de Louis Meigret (Lyons, 1550) ; See also:Barthelemy Aneau, See also:regent of the 1 For the date of his See also:birth, commonly given as 1525, see H. Chamard, Joachim du Bellay (See also:Lille, 'goo). College de la Trinite at Lyons,attacked him in his Quintil Horatian (Lyons, 1551), the authorship of which was commonly attributed to Charles See also:Fontaine. Aneau pointed out the obvious inconsistency of inculcating imitation of the ancients and depreciating native poets in a work professing to be a defence of the French language. Du Bellay replied to his various assailants in a preface to the second edition (1550) of his See also:sonnet sequence See also:Olive, with which he also published two polemical poems, the Musagnaeomachie, and an See also:ode addressed to Ronsard, Contre See also:les envieux ¢oeles. Olive, a collection of love-sonnets written in See also:close imitation of See also:Petrarch, first appeared in 1549. With it were printed thirteen odes entitled Vers lyriques. Olive has been supposed to be an See also:anagram for the name of a Mlle Viole, but there is little See also:evidence of real See also:passion in the poems, and they may perhaps be regarded as a Petrarcan exercise, especially as, in the second edition, the See also:dedication to his See also:lady is exchanged for one to See also:Marguerite de See also:Valois, See also:sister of Henry II. Du Bellay did not actually introduce the sonnet into French poetry, but he acclimatized it; and when the See also:fashion of sonneteering became a See also:mania he was one of the first to ridicule its excesses. About this time du Bellay had a serious illness of two years' duration, from which See also:dates the beginning of his deafness. He had further anxieties in the guardianship of his See also:nephew.

The boy died in 1553, and Joachim, who had up to this time See also:

borne the See also:title of sieur de Lire, became seigneur of Gonnor. In 1549 he had published a Recueil de poesiesdedicatedto the Princess Marguerite. This was followed in 1552 by a version of the See also:fourth book of the Aeneid, with other translations and some occasional poems. In the next See also:year he went to Rome as one of the secretaries of Cardinal du Bellay. To the beginning of his four and a See also:half years' See also:residence in Italy belong the See also:forty-seven sonnets of his Antiquites de Rome, which were rendered into See also:English by See also:Edmund See also:Spenser (The Ruins of Rome, 1591). These sonnets were more See also:personal and less imitative than the Olive sequence, and struck a note which was revived in later French literature by See also:Volney and See also:Chateaubriand. His stay in Rome was, however, a real See also:exile. His duties were those of an See also:intendant. He had to meet the cardinal's creditors and to find See also:money for the expenses of the See also:household. Nevertheless he found many friends among Italian scholars, and formed a close friendship' with another exiled poet whose circumstances were similar to his own, See also:Olivier de See also:Magny. Towards the end of his sojourn in Rome he See also:fell violently in love with a See also:Roman lady called Faustine, who appears in his poetry as See also:Columba and Columbelle. This passion finds its clearest expression in the Latin poems.

Faustine was guarded by an old and jealous See also:

husband, and du Bellay's eventual See also:conquest may have had something to do with his departure for Paris at the end of See also:August 1557. In the next year he published the poems he had brought back with him from Rome, the Latin Poemata, the Antiquites de Rome, the Jeux rustiques, and the 191 sonnets of the Regrets, the greater number of which were written in Italy. The Regrets show that he had advanced far beyond the theories of theDeffence. The simplicity and tenderness speciallycharacteristic of du Bellay appear in the sonnets telling of his unlucky passion for Faustine, and of his See also:nostalgia for the See also:banks of the See also:Loire. Among them are some satirical sonnets describing Roman See also:manners, and the later ones written after his return to Paris are often appeals for patronage. His intimate relations with Ronsard were not renewed; but he formed a close friendship with the See also:scholar Jean de See also:Morel, whose See also:house was the centre of a learned society. In 1559 du Bellay published at Poitiers La Nouvelle Maniere de faire son profit des lettres, a satirical See also:epistle translated from the Latin of Adrien Turnebe, and with it Le Pate courtisan, which introduced the formal See also:satire into French poetry. These were published under the See also:pseudonym of J. Quintil du Troussay, and the courtier-poet was generally supposed to be Melin de See also:Saint-Gelais, with whom du Bellay had always, however, been on friendly terms. A See also:long and eloquent Discours au roi (detailing the duties of a See also:prince, and translated from a Latin See also:original written by See also:Michel de 1'H6pital, now lost) was dedicated to Francis II. in 1559, and is said to have secured for the poet a tardy See also:pension. In617 Paris he was still in the employ of the cardinal, who delegated to him the See also:lay patronage which he still retained in the See also:diocese. In the exercise of these functions Joachim quarrelled with Eustache du Bellay, bishop of Paris, who prejudiced his relations with the cardinal, less cordial since the publication of the out-spoken Regrets.

His See also:

chief See also:patron, Marguerite de Valois, to whom he was sincerely attached, had gone to See also:Savoy. Du Bellay's See also:health was weak; his deafness seriously hindered his See also:official duties; and on the 1st of January r 56o he died. There is no evidence that he was in See also:priest's orders, but he was a clerk, and as such held various preferments. He had at one time been a See also:canon of Notre See also:Dame of Paris, and was accordingly buried in the cathedral. The statement that he was nominated See also:archbishop of Bordeaux during the last year of See also:life is unauthenticated by documentary evidence and is in itself extremely improbable.

End of Article: DUBBO

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