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ARNOLD , known as " ARNOLD OF See also:BRESCIA (d. 1155), one of the most ardent adversaries of the temporal See also:power of the popes. He belonged to a See also:family of importance, if not See also:noble, and was See also:born probably at Brescia, in See also:Italy, towards the end of the I1th See also:century. He distinguished himself in his monastic studies, and went to See also:France about 1115. He studied See also:theology in See also:Paris, but there is no See also:- PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)
proof that he was a See also:- PUPIL (Lat. pupillus, orphan, minor, dim. of pupus, boy, allied to puer, from root pm- or peu-, to beget, cf. "pupa," Lat. for " doll," the name given to the stage intervening between the larval and imaginal stages in certain insects)
pupil of See also:Abelard. Returning to Italy he became a See also:canon See also:regular. His See also:life was rigidly austere, St See also:Bernard calling him "homo neque See also:man-damns neque bibens." He at once directed his efforts against the corruption of the See also:clergy, and especially against the temporal ambitions of the high dignitaries of the See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
church. During the See also:schism of Anacletus (1131–1137) the See also:town of Brescia was torn by the struggles between the partisans of See also:Pope See also:Innocent II. and the adherents of the See also:anti-pope, and Arnold gave effect to his abhorrence of the See also:political episcopate by inciting the See also:people to rise against their See also:bishop, and, exiled by Innocent II., went to France. St Bernard accused him of sharing the doctrines of Abelard (see Ep. 189, 195), and procured his condemnation by the See also:council of See also:Sens (114o) at the same See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time as that of the See also:great scholastic. This was perhaps no more than the outcome of the fierce polemical spirit of the See also:- ABBOT (from the Hebrew ab, a father, through the Syriac abba, Lat. abbas, gen. abbatis, O.E. abbad, fr. late Lat. form abbad-em changed in 13th century under influence of the Lat. form to abbat, used alternatively till the end of the 17th century; Ger. Ab
- ABBOT, EZRA (1819-1884)
- ABBOT, GEORGE (1603-1648)
- ABBOT, ROBERT (1588?–1662?)
- ABBOT, WILLIAM (1798-1843)
abbot of See also:Clairvaux, which led him to include all his adversaries under a single See also:anathema. It seems certain that Arnold professed moral theology in Paris, and several times reprimanded St Bernard, whom he accused of See also:pride and See also:jealousy. St Bernard, as a last resort, begged See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
King See also:- LOUIS
- LOUIS (804–876)
- LOUIS (893–911)
- LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
- LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian
Louis VII. to take severe See also:measures against Arnold, who had to leave France and take See also:refuge at See also:Zurich. There he soon became popular, especially with the See also:lay See also:nobility; but, denounced anew by St Bernard to the ecclesiastical authorities, he returned to Italy, and turned his steps towards See also:Rome (1145). It was two years since, in 1143, the See also:Romans had rejected the temporal power of the pope. The See also:urban nobles had set up a See also:republic, which, under forms ostensibly modelled on antiquity (e.g. patriciate, senatus populusque See also:romanus, &c.), concealed but clumsily a purely oligarchical See also:government. Pope See also:Eugenius III. and his adherents had been forced after a feeble resistance to resign themselves to See also:- EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)
exile at See also:Viterbo. Arnold, after returning to Rome, immediately began a See also:campaign of virulent denunciation against the See also:Roman clergy, and, in particular, against the See also:Curia, which he stigmatized as a See also:house of merchandise and den of thieves." His enemies have attributed to him certain doctrinal heresies, but their accusations do not See also:bear examination. According to See also:Otto of See also:Freising (See also:Lib. de gestis Friderici, bk. ii. See also:chap. xx.) the whole of his teaching, outside the See also:preaching of penitence, was summed up in these See also:maxims:—" Clerks who have estates, bishops who hold fiefs, monks who possess See also:property, cannot be saved." His eloquence gained him a See also:hearing and a numerous following, including many laymen, but consisting principally of poor ecclesiastics, who formed around him a party characterized by a rigid morality and not unlike the Lombard See also:Patarenes of the zith century. But his purely political See also:action was very restricted, and not to be compared with that of a See also:Rienzi or a See also:Savonarola. The Roman revolution availed itself of Arnold's popularity, and of his theories, but was carried out without his aid. His name was associated with this political reform solely because his was the only vigorous See also:personality which stood out from the See also:mass of rebels, and because he was the See also:principal victim of the repression that ensued. On the 15th of See also:July 1148 Eugenius III. anathematized Arnold and his adherents; but when, a See also:short time -afterwards, the pope, through the support of the king of See also:Naples and the king of France, succeeded in entering Rome, Arnold remained in the town unmolested, under the See also:protection of the See also:senate. But in 1152 the See also:German king See also:Conrad III., whom the papal party and the Roman republic had in vain begged to intervene, was succeeded by See also:Frederick I. See also:Barbarossa. Frederick, whose authoritative See also:temper was at once offended by the See also:independent See also:tone of the Arnoldist party, concluded with the pope a treaty of See also:alliance (See also:October 16, 1152) of such a nature that the Arnoldists were at once put in a minority in the Roman government; and when the second successor of Eugenius III., the energetic and austere AdrianIV.(the
Englishman, See also:Nicholas Breakspear), placed Rome under an See also:interdict, the senate, already rudely shaken, submitted, and Arnold was forced to See also:fly into See also:Campania (1155). At the See also:request of the pope he was seized by See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order of the See also:emperor Frederick, then in Italy, and delivered to the See also:prefect of Rome, by whom he was condemned to See also:death. In See also:June 1155 Arnold was hanged, his See also:body burnt, and the ashes were thrown into the See also:Tiber. His death produced but a feeble sensation in Rome, which was already pacified, and passed almost unnoticed in Italy. The adherents of Arnold do not appear actually to have formed, either before or after his death, a heretical See also:sect. It is probable that his adherents became merged in the communities of the Lombard Waldenses, who shared their ideas on the corruption of the clergy. See also:Legend, See also:poetry, See also:drama and politics have from time to time been much occupied with the personality of Arnold of Brescia, and not seldom have distorted it, through the See also:desire to see in him a See also:hero of See also:Italian See also:independence and a See also:modern democrat. He was before everything an ascetic, who denied to the church the right of holding property, and who occupied himself only as an See also:accessory with the political and social See also:con-sequences of his religious principles.
The bibliography of Arnold of Brescia is very vast and of very unequal value. The following See also:works will be found useful: W. von See also:Giesebrecht, Arnold von Brescia (See also:Munich, 1873) ; G. Gaggia, Arnaldo da Brescia (Brescia, 1882) ; and notices by Vacandard in the Revue See also:des questions hisloriques (Paris, 1884), pp. 52-114, by R. Breyer in the Histor. Taschenbuch (See also:Leipzig, 1889), vol. viii. pp. I23-178, and by A. See also:Hausrath in Neue See also:Heidelberg. Jahrb. (1891), See also:Band i. pp. 72-144. (P.
End of Article: ARNOLD
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