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CAMPANIA , a territorial See also:division of See also:Italy. The See also:modern See also:district (II. below) is of much greater extent than that known by the name in See also:ancient times. I. Campani was the name used by the See also:Romans to denote, the inhabitants first of the See also:town of See also:Capua and the district subject to it, and then after its destruction in the Hannibalic See also:war (211 B.C.), to describe the inhabitants of the Campanian See also:plain generally. The name, however, is pre-See also:Roman and appears with Oscan terminations on coins of the See also:early 4th (or See also:late 5th) See also:century B.C. (R. S. See also:Conway, See also:Italic Dialects, p. 143), which were certainly struck for or by the Samnite conquerors of Campania, whom the name properly denotes, a See also:branch of the See also:great Sabelline stock (see See also:SABINI) ; but in what precise spot the coins were minted is uncertain. We know from See also:Strabo (v. 4. 8.) and others that the See also:Samnites deprived the Etruscans of the mastery of Campania in the last See also:quarter of the 5th century; their earliest recorded See also:appearance being at the See also:conquest of their See also:chief town Capua, probably in 438 B.C. (or 445, according to the method adopted in interpreting Diodorus xii. 31; on this see under See also:CUMAE), or 424 according to See also:Livy (iv. 37). Cumae was taken by them in 428 or 421, See also:Nola about the same See also:time, and the Samnite See also:language they spoke,.hextceforward known as ,Oscan, spread over Ai Campaniaexcept the See also:Greek cities, though small communities of Etruscans remained here and there for at least another century (Conway, op. cit. p. 94). The See also:hardy warriors from the mountains took over not merely the See also:wealth of the Etruscans, but many of their customs; the haughtiness and luxury of the men of Capua was proverbial at See also:Rome. This town became the ally of Rome in 338 B.C. (Livy viii. 14) and received the civitas sine suffragio, the highest status that could be granted to a community which did not speak Latin. By the end of the 4th century Campania was completely Roman politically. Certain towns with their territories (Neapolis, Nola, Abella, Nuceria) were nominally See also:independent in See also:alliance with Rome. These towns were faithful to Rome throughout the Hannibalic war. But Capua and the towns dependent on it revolted (Livy See also:xxiii.-See also:xxvi.); after its See also:capture in 211 Capua was utterly destroyed, and the See also:jealousy and dread with which Rome had See also:long regarded it were both finally appeased (cf. See also:Cicero. See also:Leg. Agrar. ii. 88). We have between See also:thirty and See also:forty Oscan See also:inscriptions (besides some coins) dating, probably, from both the 4th and the 3rd centuries (Conway, Italic Dialects, pp. 100-137 and 148), of which most belong to the curious cult described under JovILAE, while two or three are curses written on See also:lead; see OscA LINGUA. See further Conway, op. tit. p. 99 ff.; J. Beloch, Cant panien (2nd ed,), c. Capua ; Th. Monlmsen, C.I.L. x. p. 365. (R. S. C.) The name Campania was first formed by Greek authors, from Campani (see above); and did not come into See also:common use until the See also:middle of the 1st century A.D. See also:Polybius and Diodorus avoid it entirely. See also:Varro and Livy use it sparingly, preferring Campanus ager. Polybius (2nd century B.C.) uses the phrase Tit srebIa -ra Kara Ka ri p' to See also:express the district bounded on the See also:north by the mountains of the See also:Aurunci, on the See also:east by the See also:Apennines of Samnium, on the See also:south by the See also:spur of these mountains which ends in the See also:peninsula of See also:Sorrento, and on the south and See also:west by the See also:sea, and this is what Campania meant to See also:Pliny and See also:Ptolemy. But the geographers of the time of See also:Augustus (in whose division of Italy Campania, with See also:Latium, formed the first region) carried the north boundary of Campania as far south as Sinuessa, and even the See also:river Volturnus, while farther inland the modern See also:village of See also:San Pietro in See also:Fine preserves the memory of the north-east boundary which ran between See also:Venafrum and See also:Casinum. On the east the valley of the Volturnus and the See also:foot-hills of the Apennines as far as Abellinum formed the boundary; this town is sometimes reckoned as belonging to Campania, sometimes to Samnium. The south boundary remained unchanged. From the time of See also:Diocletian onwards the name Campania was extended much farther. north, and included the whole of Latium. This district was governed by a corrector, who about A.D. 333 received. the See also:title of, consularis. It is for this See also:reason that the district See also:round Rome still bears the name of Campagna di See also:Roma, being no doubt popularly connected with Ital campo, See also:Lat. campus. This district (to take its earlier extent), consisting mainly of a very fertile plain with hills on the north, east and south, and the sea on the south and west, is traversed by two great See also:rivers, the Liris and Volturnus, divided by the See also:Mons See also:Massicus, which comes right down to the sea at Sinuessa. The plain at the mouth of the former is comparatively small, while that traversed by the Volturnus is the See also:main plain of Campania. Both of these rivers rise in the central Apennines, and only smaller streams, such as the Sarnus; Sebethus, Savo, belong entirely to Campania. The road See also:system of Campania was extremely well See also:developed and touched all the important towns. The main lines are followed (though less completely) by the modern See also:railways. The most important road centre of Campania was Capua, at the east edge of the plain. At See also:Casilinum, 3 m. to the north-west, was the only See also:bridge over the Volturnus until the construction of the Via Domitiana; and here met the Via See also:Appia, passing through See also:Minturnae, Sinuessa and Pons Campanus (where it crossed the Savo) and, the Via See also:Latina which ran through Teanum Sidicinum and See also:Gales. At See also:Calatia,.6 m. south-east of Capua,, the Via Appia began to. turn east and to approach the mountains, on its way to Beneventum, while the Via Popillia went straight on to Nola (whence a road ran to. Abella and Abellinum) and thence to Nuceria Alfaterna and the south, terminating at See also:Regium. From Capua itself a road ran north to Vicus Dianae, See also:Caiatia and See also:Telesia, while to the south the so-called Via Campana (there is no ancient See also:warrant for the name) led to See also:Puteoli, with a branch to Cumae, Baiae and See also:Misenum; there was also connexion between Cumae, Puteoli and Neapolis (see below), and another road to See also:Atella and Neapolis. Neapolis could also be reached by a branch from the Via Popillia at See also:Suessula, which passed through Acerrae. From Suessula, too, there was a See also:short cut, to the Via Appia before it actually entered the mountains. See also:Domitian further improved the communications of this district with Rome, by the construction of the Via Domitiana, which diverged frpm the Via Appia at Sinuessa, and followed the See also:low sandy See also:coast; it crossed the river Volturnus at Volturnum, near its mouth, bya bridge, which must have been a considerable undertaking, and then ran, still along the See also:shore, past See also:Liternum to Cumae and thence to Puteoli. Here it See also:fell into the existing roads to Neapolis, the older Via Antiniana over the hills, at the back, and the newer, dating from the time of See also:Agrippa, through the See also:tunnel of Pausilypon and along the coast. The mileage in both cases was reckoned from Puteoli. Beyond See also:Naples a road led along the coast through See also:Herculaneum to See also:Pompeii, where there was a branch for See also:Stabiae and See also:Surrentum, and thence to Nuceria, where it joined the Via Popillia. From Nuceria, which was an important road centre, a See also:direct road ran to Stabiae, while from Salernum, a m. farther south-east but outside the limits of Campania proper, a road ran due north to Abellinum and thence to See also:Aeclanum or Beneventum. Teanum was another important centre: it See also:lay at the point where the Via Latina was crossed at right angles by a road leaving the Via Appia at Minturnae, and passing through Suessa Aurunca, while east of Teanum it ran on to See also:Allifae, and there fell into the road from Venafrum to Telesia. Five See also:miles north of Teanum a road branched off to Venafrum from the straight course of the Via Latina, and rejoined it near Ad Flexum (San Pietro in Fine). It is, indeed, probable that the See also:original road made the detour by Venafrum, in See also:order to give a direct communication between Rome and the interior of Samnium (inasmuch as roads ran from Venafrum to See also:Aesernia and to Telesia by way of Allifae), and Th. See also:Mommsen (Corp. Inscrip. Lat. x., See also:Berlin, 1883, p. 699) denies the antiquity of the short cut through Rufrae (San Felice a See also:Ruvo), though it is shown in See also:Kiepert's See also:map at the end of the See also:volume, with a milestone numbered 93 upon it. This is no doubt an See also:error both in placing and in numbering, and refers to one numbered 96 found on the road to Venafrum; but it is still difficult to believe that the short cut was not used in ancient times. The 4th and 3rd century coins of Telesia, Allifae and Aesernia are all of the Campanian type, Of the harbours of Campania, Puteoli was by far the most important from the commercial point of view. Its See also:period of greatest See also:comparative importance was the 2nd–1st century B.c. The harbours constructed by Augustus by, connecting the Lacus See also:Avernus and Lacus Lucrinus with the sea, and that at Misenum (the latter the station of one of the chief divisions of the Roman See also:navy, the other See also:fleet being stationed at See also:Ravenna), were mainly See also:naval. Naples also had a considerable See also:trade, but was less important than Putcoli. The fertility of the Campanian plain was famous in ancient as in modern times;1 the, best portion was the Caippi Laborini or Leborini (called Phlegraei by the Greeks and Terra di Lavoro in modern times, though the name has now extended to the whole See also:province of See also:Caserta) between the roads from Capua to Puteoli and Cumae (Pliny, Dist. Nat. xviii. III). The loose See also:black volcanic See also:earth (terra pulla) was easier to See also:work than the stiffer Roman See also:soil, and gave three or four. crops a See also:year. The spelt, See also:wheat and See also:millet are especially mentioned, as also See also:fruit and vegetables; and the See also:roses supplied the perfume factories of Capua. The wines of the Mons Massicus and of the Ager Falernus (the See also:flat ground to the east and south-See also:cast of it) were the most sought after, though other districts also produced See also:good See also:wine; but the See also:olive was better suited to the slopes than to the plain, though that of Venafrum was good. The name Osci—earlier Opsci, Opusci (Gr. 'oirurot)—presumably meant " tillers of the soil." The Oscan language remained in use in the south of Campania (Pompeii, Nola, Nuceria) at all events until the Social War, but at some date soon after that Latin became See also:general, except in Neapolis, where Greek was the See also:official language during the whole of the imperial period. See J. Beloch, Campanien (and ed., See also:Breslau, 189o) ; Conway, Italic Dialects,pp. 51-57; Ch. Hulsen in Pauly-Wissowa, Realencyklopadie, iii. (See also:Stuttgart, 1899), 1434• II. Campania in the modern sense includes a considerably larger See also:area than the ancient name, inasmuch as to the compartimento of Campania belong the five provinces of Caserta, See also:Benevento, Naples, See also:Avellino and See also:Salerno. It is bounded on the north by the provinces of Rome, See also:Aquila (Abruzzi) and See also:Campobasso (Molise), on the north-east by that of See also:Foggia (See also:Apulia), on the east by that of See also:Potenza (See also:Basilicata) and on the south and west by the Tyrrhenian Sea. The area is 6289 sq. m. It thus includes the whole of the ancient Campania, a considerable portion of Samnium (with a See also:part of the main See also:chain of the Apennines) and of Lucania, and some of Latium adjectum, consisting thus of a mountainous district, the greater part of which lies on the Mediterranean See also:side of the See also:watershed, with the extra-ordinarily fertile and populous Campanian plain (Terra di Lavoro, with 473 inhabitants to the square mile) between the mountains and the sea. The See also:principal rivers are the Garigliano or See also:Liri (See also:arm. Liris), which rises in the Abruzzi (105 M. in length); the See also:Volturno (94 M. in length), with its tributary the Calore; the See also:Sarno, which rises near Sarno and See also:waters the fertile plain. south-east of See also:Vesuvius; and the Sele, whose main tributary is the Tanagro, which is in turn largely fed by another Calore. The headwaters of the Sele have been tapped for the great See also:aqueduct for the Apulian provinces. The coast-See also:line begins a little east of See also:Terracina at the See also:lake of See also:Fondi with a low-lying, marshy district (the ancient Ager Caecubus), renowned for its wine (see FONDI). The mountains (of the ancient Aurunci) then come down to the sea, and on the east side of the extreme promontory to the south-east is the See also:port of See also:Gaeta, a strongly fortified naval station. The east side of the Gulf of Gaeta is occupied by the marshes at the mouth of the Liri, and the low sandy coast, with its unhealthy lagoons, continues (interrupted only by the See also:Monte Massico, which reaches the sea at Mondragone) past the mouth of the Volturno, as far as the volcanic district (no longer active) with its several See also:extinct craters (now small lakes, the Lacus Avernus, &c.) to the west of Naples, which forms the north-west extremity of the See also:Bay of Naples. Here the scenery completely changes: the Bay of Naples, indeed, is one of the most beautiful in the See also:world. The See also:island of See also:Procida lies 22 M. south-west of the See also:Capo Miseno, and 3 M. south-west of Procida is that of See also:Ischia. In consequence of the volcanic See also:character of the district there are several import-See also:ant See also:mineral springs which are used medicinally, especially at See also:Pozzuoli, Castellammare di Stabia, and on the island of Ischia. Pozzuoli (anc. Puteoli), the most important See also:harbour of Italy in the 1st century B.C., is now mainly noticeable for the large See also:armour-See also:plate and See also:gun See also:works of Messrs See also:Armstrong, and for the volcanic earth (pozzolana) which forms so important an See also:element in See also:concrete and See also:cement, and is largely quarried near Rome also. Naples, on the other See also:hand, is one of the most important harbours of modern Italy. Beyond it, Torre del See also:Greco and Torre Annunziata at the foot of Vesuvius, are active trading ports for smaller vessels, especially in connexion with See also:macaroni, which is manufactured extensively by all the towns along the bay. Castellammare di Stabia, on the west coast of the gulf, has a large naval See also:shipbuilding yard and an important harbour. Beyond Castellammare the promontory of Sorrento, ending in the Punta della See also:Campanella (from which See also:Capri is 3 M. south-west) forms the south-west extremity of the gulf. The highest point of this See also:mountain See also:ridge, which is connected with the main Apennine chain, is the Monte S. Angelo (4735 ft.). It extends as far east as Salerno, where the coast plain of the Sele begins. As in the low marshy ground at the mouths of the Liri and Volturno, See also:malaria is very prevalent. The south-east extremity of the Gulf of Salerno is formed by another mountain See also:group, culminating 124 in the Monte Cervati (6229 ft.); and on the east side of this is the Gulf of Policastro, where the province of Salerno, and with it Campania, See also:borders on the province of Potenza. The See also:population of Campania was 3,080,503 in 19or; that of the province of Caserta was 705,412, with a See also:total of 187 communes, the chief towns being Caserta (32,709), Sta Maria Capua Vetere (21,825), See also:Maddaloni (20,682), Sessa Aurunca (21,844); that of the province of Benevento was 256,504, with 73 communes, the only important town being Benevento itself (24,647); that of the province of Naples 1,151,834, with 69 communes, the most important towns being Naples (563, 540), Torre del Greco (33,299), Castellammare di Stabia (32,841), Torre Annunziata (28,143), Pozzuoli (22,907); that of the province of Avellino (Principato Ulteriore in the days of the Neapolitan See also:kingdom) 402,425, with 128 communes, the chief towns being Avellino (23,760) and Ariano di Puglia (17,650); that of the province of Salerno (Principato Citeriore) 564,328, with 158 communes, the chief towns being Salerno (42,727), Cava dei Tirreni (23,681), Nocera Inferiore (19,796). Naples is the chief railway centre: a main line runs from Rome through Roccasecca (whence there is a branch via See also:Sora to See also:Avezzano, on the railway from Rome to Castellammare Adriatico), Caianello (junction for Isernia, on the line between See also:Sulmona and Campobasso or Benevento), Sparanise (branch to See also:Formia and Gaeta) and Caserta to Naples. From Caserta, indeed, there are two independent lines to Naples, while a main Jine runs to Benevento and Foggia across the Apennines. From Benevento railways run north to Vinchiaturo (for Isernia or Campobasso) and south to Avellino. From Cancello, a station on one of the two lines from Caserta to Naples, branches run to Torre Annunziata, and to Nola, Codola, Mercato, San Severino and Avellino. Naples, besides the two lines to Caserta (and thence either to Rome or Benevento), has See also:local lines to Pozzuoli and Torregaveta (for Ischia) and two lines 'to Sarno, one via Ottaiano, the other via Pompeii, which together make up the circum-Vesuvian electric line, and were in connexion with the railway to the See also:top of Vesuvius until its destruction in See also:April 1906. The main line for See also:southern Italy passes through Torre Annunziata (branch for Castellammare di Stabia and Gragnano), Nocera (branch for Codola), Salerno (branch for Mercato San Severino), and Battipaglia. Here it divides, one line going east-south-east to Sicignano (branch to Lagonegro), Potenza and Metaponto (for See also:Taranto and See also:Brindisi or the line along the east coast of See also:Calabria to Reggio), the other going south-south-east along the west coast of Calabria to Reggio. See also:Industrial activity is mainly concentrated in Naples, Pozzuoli and the towns between Naples and Castellammare di Stabia (including the latter) on the north-east shores of the Bay of Naples. The native See also:peasant See also:industries are (besides See also:agriculture, for which see ITALY) the manufacture of pottery and See also:weaving with small hand-looms, both of which are being swept away by the introduction of machinery; but a See also:government school of textiles has been established at Naples for the encouragement of the trade. (T. As.) CAMPANI-ALIMENIS, MATTEO, See also:Italian mechanician and natural philosopher of the 17th century, was See also:born at See also:Spoleto. He held a curacy at Rome in 1661, but devoted himself principally to scientific pursuits. As an optician he is chiefly celebrated for, the manufacture of the large See also:object-glasses with which G. D. See also:Cassini discovered two of See also:Saturn's satellites, and for an See also:attempt to rectify See also:chromatic See also:aberration by using a triple See also:eye-See also:glass; and in See also:clock-making, for his invention of the illuminated See also:dial-plate, and that of noiseless clocks, as well as for an attempt to correct the irregularities of the pendulum which arise from See also:variations of temperature. Campani published in 1678 a work on horology, and on the manufacture of lenses for telescopes. His younger See also:brother Giuseppe was also an ingenious optician (indeed the attempt to correct chromatic aberration has been ascribed to him instead of to Matteo), and is, besides, See also:note-worthy as an astronomer, especially for his See also:discovery, by the aid of a See also:telescope of his own construction, of the spots in See also:Jupiter, the See also:credit of which was, however, also claimed by Eustachio Divini.
CAMPANILE; the rbeil See also:tower attached to the churches and town-halls in Italy (from See also:cam See also:pane, a See also:bell). Bells are supposed to have been first used for announcing the sacred offices by See also:Pope Sabinian (6(94), the immediate successor to St See also:Gregory; and their use by the municipalities came with the rights granted by See also:kings and emperors to the citizens to enclose their towns with fortifications and assemble at the See also:sound of a great bell. It is to the Lombard ardhitects of the north of Italy that we are indebted for the introduction and development of the campanile, which, when used in connexion with a sacred See also:building, is a feature See also:peculiar to See also:Christian See also:architecture-Christians alone making use of the bell to gather the multitude to public See also:worship. The campanile of italy serves `the same purpose as the tower or See also:steeple of the churches in the north and west of See also:Europe, but differs from it in 'See also:design and position with regard to the See also:body of the See also: Later, the square tower was crowned with an octagonal See also:turret, sometimes with a conical roof, as in See also:Cremona and See also:Modena cathedrals. As a rule the openings increase in number and dimensions as they rise, those a'tthe top therefore giving a lightness to the structure, while the See also:lower portions, with narrow slits only, impart solidity to the whole See also:composition.
The earliest examples are those of the two churches of S. Apollinare in Classe (see EAsl cA, fig. 8) and S. Apollinare Nuovo at Ravenna, dating from the 6th century. They are circular, of considerable height, and probably were erected as See also:watch towers or depositories for the treasures of the church. The next in order are those in Rome, of which there are a very large number in existence, dating from the 8th to the See also:firth century. These towers are square and in several storeys, the lower part quite plain'fill well above the church to which they are attached. Above this they are divided into storeys by See also:brick cornices carried on See also: Maria-in-Cosmedin, ascribed to the 8th or 9th century. In the lower part of it are embedded some ancient columns of the Composite Order belonging to the See also:Temple of See also:Ceres. The tower is 120 ft. high, the upper part divided into seven storeys, the four upper ones with open arcades, the bells being hung in the second from the top. The See also:arches of the arcades, two or three in number, are recessed in two orders and See also:rest on long See also:impost blocks (their length equal to the thickness of the wall above), carried by a See also:mid-wall See also:shaft. This type of See also:arcade or window is found in early See also:German work, except that, as a rule, there is a See also:capital under the impost See also:block. Rome is probably the source from which the Saxon windows were derived, the example in See also:Worth church being identically the same as those in the Roman campanili. In the campanile of S. Alessio there are two arcades in each See also:storey, each divided with a mid-wall shaft. Among others, those of SS. Giovanni e See also:Paolo, S. Lorenzo 'is See also:Lucina, S. Francesca See also:Romana, S. Croce in Gerusalemme, S. Giorgio in Velabro (fig. I), S. See also:Cecilia, S. Pudenziana, S. Bartolommeo in Isola (982), S. Silvestro in Capite, are characteristic examples. On some of the towers are encrusted plaques of See also:marble or of red or See also:green See also:porphyry, enclosed in a See also:tile or moulded brick border; •sometimes these plaques are in See also:majolica with See also:Byzantine patterns. The early campanili of the north of Italy are of quite another type, the north campanile of S. Ambrogio, Milan (1129), being 125 decorated with See also:vertical flat ,pilaster strips, four-'on each See also:face, and See also:horizontal arcaded corbel strings. Of earlier date (879), the campanile of S. Satiro at Milan ig inperfectrpreservation; it is divided into four storeys by arched corbel tables, the upper storey having a similar arcade with mid-wall shaft to those in Rome. r One of the most notable examples in north: Italy is the campanile of See also:Pomposa near See also:Ferrara. It is of immense height and has nine storeys crowned with a lofty conical+See also:spire, the wall face being divided vertically with pilaster stripssand'horizontally From a photograph by Alinari. with arcaded corbel tables,-this campanile, the two towers of S: Antonio, Padua, and that of S. Gottardo, Milan, of octagonal See also:plan, being among the few which. are thus terminated. In the Campanile at,See also:Torcello we find an entirely different treatment: doaibly recessed pilaster-strips See also:divide each face into' two lofty blind arcades rising from the ground to the See also:belfry storey, over roo ft. high, with small slits for windows,'theupper orbelfry storey-having an arcade of four arches on'each front. This it the type generally adopted in the campanili of See also:Venice, where there are no string-courses. The campanile of St See also:Mark's was of'sitnilar design, with four lofty blind arcades on each face. The lower toortion,built in brick, 162 ft. high, was cbmmenced in qo2"but not completed till the middle of the 12th century. In 15r0 a belfry storey was added with an open arcade of four arches on each face, and slightly set back from the face of the tower above was a See also:mass of See also:masonry with pyramidal roof, the total height being 320 ft. On the 14th of See also:July Igoe the whole structure collapsed; its See also:age, the great See also:weight of the additions made in 151o, and probably the cutting away inside of the lower part, would seem to have been the principal contributors to this disaster, as the See also:pile See also:foundations were found to be in excellent See also:condition. In central Italy the two early campanili at See also:Lucca return to the Lombard type of the north, with pilaster strips and arcaded corbel strings, and the same is found in S. See also:Francesco (See also:Assisi), S. Frediano (Lucca), S. Pietro-in-See also:Grado and S. Michelein-Orticaia (See also:Pisa), and S. Maria-Novella (See also:Florence). The campanile of S. Niccola, Pisa, is octagonal on plan, with a lofty blind arcade on each face like those in Venice, but with a single string-course See also:half-way up. The See also:gallery above is an open See also:eaves gallery like those in north Italy. In southern Italy the design of the campanile varies again. In the two more important examples at See also:Bari and See also:Molfetta, there are two towers in each See also:case attached to the east end of the cathedrals. The campanili are in plain masonry, the storeys being suggested only by Mind arches or windows, there being neither pilaster strips nor string-courses. The same treatment is found at See also:Barletta and Caserta Vecchia; in the latter the upper storey has been made octagonal with circular turrets at each See also:angle, and this type of design is followed at See also:Amalfi, the centre portion being circular instead of octagonal and raised much higher. In See also:Palermo the From a photograph by Brogi. campanile of the Marto- FIG.2.—Campanile of St Mark's, Venice. rana,of which the two lower storeys, decorated with three concentric blind pointed arches on each face, probably date from the Saracenic occupation, has angle turrets on the two upper storeys. The upper portions of the campanile of the cathedral have similar angle turrets, which, crowned with conical See also:roofs, group well with the central octagonal See also:spires of the towers. The two towers • of the west front of the cathedral at See also:Cefalu resemble those of Bari and Molfetta as regards their treatment.
The campanili of S. Zenone, See also:Verona, and the cathedrals of See also:Siena and See also:Prato, differ from those already mentioned in that they owe their decoration to the alternating courses of black arrd' See also: See also:Andrea, See also:Mantua. In the 16th century an octagonal See also:lantern in two strings crowned with a conical roof was added. Owing to defective foundations, some of the Italian campanili incline over considerably; of these leaning towers, those of the Garisendi and Asinelli palaces at See also:Bologna See also:form See also:con-
spicuous See also:objects in the town; the two more remarkable examples are the campanile of S. Martino at See also:Este, of early Lombard type, and the leaning tower at Pisa, which was built by the citizens in 1194 to See also:rival that of Venice. The Pisa tower is circular on plan, about 51 ft. in See also:diameter and 172 ft. high. Not including the belfry storey, which is set back on the inner wall, it is divided into seven storeys all surrounded with an open gallery or arcade. (See ARCHITECTURE, Plate I. fig. 62.) Owing to the sinking of the piles on the south side, the inclination was already noticed when the tower was about 30 ft. high, and slight additions in the height of the masonry on that side were in-introduced to correct the level, but with-out result, so that the . works were stopped for many years and taken up again in 1234 under the direction of See also: See also:Nicolas and S. Michele in Orticaia, both in Pisa, are also inclined to a slight extent.
The campanili hitherto described are all attached to churches, but there are others belonging to civic buildings some of which are of great importance. The campanile of the town See also: Giorgio dei Greci. In that of S. Giorgio See also:Maggiore, however, See also:Palladio re-turned to the See also:simple See also:brickwork of Verona, crowned with a belfry storey in stone, with angle pilasters and columns of the Corinthian order in antis, and central turret with spire above. In See also:Genoa there are many examples; the See also:quoins are either decorated with rusticated masonry or attenuated pilasters, with or without horizontal string-courses, always crowned with a belfry storey in stone and classic cornices, which on See also:account of their greater See also:projection See also:present a fine effect. (R. P. Additional information and CommentsThere are no comments yet for this article.
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