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defence of Telesio, Philosophia sensibus demonstrata (1591). His attacks upon established authority having brought him into disfavour with the See also:

clergy, he See also:

LEFT

left See also:

Naples, where he had been residing, and proceeded to See also:

Rome. For seven years he led an unsettled See also:

LIFE

life, attracting See also:

ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention everywhere by his talents and the boldness of his teaching. Yet he was strictly orthodox, and was an uncompromising See also:

ADVOCATE (Lat. advocatus, from advocare, to summon, especially in law to call in the aid of a counsel or witness, and so generally to summon to one's assistance)

advocate of the See also:

pope's temporal See also:

POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power. He returned to Stile in 1598. In the following year he was committed to See also:

PRISON (derived through the Fr. from the Lat. prehensio, seizure)

prison because he had joined those who desired to See also:

FREE

free Naples from See also:

SPANISH

Spanish tyranny. His friend Naudee, however, declares that the expressions used by Campanella were wrongly interpreted as revolutionary.

He remained for twenty-seven years in prison. Yet his spirit was unbroken; he composed sonnets, and prepared a See also:

SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of See also:

WORKS

works, forming a See also:

COMPLETE

complete See also:

SYSTEM

system of philosophy. During the latter years of his confinement he was kept in the See also:

castle of Sant' Elmo, and allowed considerable See also:

LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty. Though, even then, his See also:

GUILT

guilt seems to have been regarded as doubtful, he was looked upon as dangerous, and it was thought better to restrain him. At last, in 1626, he was nominally set at liberty; for some three years he was detained in the See also:

chambers of the See also:

INQUISITION, THE (Lat. inquisitio, an inquiry)

Inquisition, but in 1629 he was free. He was well treated at Rome by the pope, but on the outbreak of a new See also:

CONSPIRACY (from Lat. conspirare, literally to breathe together, to agree, combine, and especially to form a secret plot)

conspiracy headed by his See also:

PUPIL (Lat. pupillus, orphan, minor, dim. of pupus, boy, allied to puer, from root pm- or peu-, to beget, cf. "pupa," Lat. for " doll," the name given to the stage intervening between the larval and imaginal stages in certain insects)

pupil, Tommaso Pignatelli, he was persuaded to go to See also:

Paris (1634), where he was received with marked favour by See also:

CARDINAL (Lat. cardinalis)

Cardinal See also:

Richelieu. The last''few years of his life he spent in preparing a complete edition of his works; but only the first See also:

VOLUME

volume appears to have been published. He died on the 21st of May 1639. In philosophy, Campanella was, like See also:

GIORDANO, LUCA (1632–1705)

Giordano See also:

Bruno (q.v.), a follower of See also:

Nicolas of Cusa and Telesio. He stands, therefore, in the uncertain See also:

HALF

half-See also:

LIGHT

light which preceded the See also:

DAWN (the 16th-century form of the earlier " Jawing " or " dawning," from an old verb " daw," O. Eng. dagian, to become day; cf. Dutch dagen, and Ger. tagen)

dawn of See also:

MODERN

modern philosophy. The sterility of scholastic Aristotelianism, as he understood it, drove him to the study of See also:

man and nature, though he was never entirely free from the See also:

MEDIEVAL

medieval spirit. Devoutly accepting the authority of Faith in the region of theology, he considered philosophy as based on See also:

PERCEPTION (from Lat. percipere, to perceive)

perception.

The See also:

PRIME, PRIMER AND PRIMING

prime fact in philosophy was to him, as to See also:

Augustine and See also:

DESCARTES, RENE (1596-1650)

Descartes, the certainty of individual consciousness. To this consciousness he assigned a threefold content, power, will and knowledge. It is of the See also:

PRESENT

present only, of things not as they are, but merely as they seem. The fact that it contains the See also:

IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of See also:

God is the one, and a sufficient, See also:

PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)

proof of the divine existence, since the idea of the See also:

INFINITE (from Lat. in, not, finis, end or limit; cf. findere, to deave)

Infinite must be derived from the Infinite. God is therefore a unity, possessing, in the perfect degree, those attributes of power, will and knowledge which humanity possesses only in See also:

PART

part. Furthermore, since community of See also:

ACTION

action presupposes homogeneity, it follows that the See also:

WORLD

world and all its parts have a spiritual nature. The emotions of love and hate are in everything. The more remote from God, the greater the degree of imperfection (i.e. Not-being) in things. Of imperfect things, the highest are angels and human beings, who by virtue of the See also:

possession of See also:

REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason are akin to the Divine and See also:

SUPERIOR

superior to the See also:

LOWER

lower creation. Next comes the mathematical world of space; then the corporeal world, and finally the empirical world with its limitations of space and See also:

time. The impulse of self.

preservation in nature is the lowest See also:

FORM (Lat. forma)

form of See also:

religion; above this comes See also:

animal religion; and finally rational religion, the perfection of which consists in perfect knowledge, pure volition and love, and is See also:

union with God. Religion is, therefore, not See also:

POLITICAL

political. in origin; it is an inherent part of existence. The See also:

church is superior to the See also:

state, and, therefore, all temporal See also:

government should be in subjection to the pope as the representative of God. In natural philosophy Campanella, closely following Telesio, See also:

ADVOCATES, FACULTY OF

advocates the experimental method and See also:

LAYS

lays down See also:

HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat and See also:

COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold as the fundamental principles by the strife of which all life is explained. In political philosophy (the Civitas See also:

SOLIS, ANTONIO DE (1610-16S6)

Solis) he sketches an ideal See also:

COMMUNISM

communism, obviously derived from the Platonic, based on community of wives and See also:

PROPERTY

property with state-See also:

CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control of See also:

POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population and universal military training. In every detail of life the See also:

CITIZEN (a form corrupted in Eng., apparently by analogy with " denizen," from O. Fr. citeain, mod. Fr. citoyen)

citizen is to be under authority, and the authority of the administrators is to be based on the degree of knowledge possessed by each. The state is, therefore, an artificial organism for the promotion of individual and collective See also:

GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good. In contrast to More's See also:

UTOPIA

Utopia, the work is cold and abstract, and lacking in See also:

PRACTICAL

practical detail. On the view taken as to his alleged complicity in the conspiracy of 1599 depends the vexed question as to whether this system was a philosophic See also:

DREAM (from a root dreug, connected with Germ. trugen, to deceive)

dream, or a serious See also:

ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to See also:

SKETCH (directly adapted from Dutch schets, which was taken from Ital. schizzo, a rough draft, Lat. schedium, something hastily made, Gr. oxE&os, sudden, off-hand, axeb6v, near by; Ger. Skizze and Fr. esquisse are from the same source)

sketch a constitution for Naples in the event of her becoming a free See also:

CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city. The De Monarchia Hispanica contains an able See also:

account of contemporary politics especially Spanish. Thus Campanella, though neither an See also:

ORIGINAL

original nor a systematic thinker, is among the precursors, on the one See also:

hand, of modern empirical See also:

SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science, and on the other of Descartes and See also:

SPINOZA, BARUCH (1632-1677)

Spinoza. Yet his fondness for the See also:

ANTITHESIS (the Greek for " setting opposite ")

antithesis of Being and Not-being (Ens and Non-ens) shows that he had not shaken off the spirit of scholastic thought.

End of Article: CAMPANELLA, TOMMASO (1568-1639)

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