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sphere and proposed an inquiry into the data given by the senses, from which he held that all true knowledge really comes. Instead of postulating See also:

MATTER

matter and See also:

FORM (Lat. forma)

form, he bases existence on matter and force. This force has two opposing elements: See also:

HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat, which expands, and See also:

COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold, which contracts. These two processes See also:

account for all the diverse forms and types of existence, while the See also:

mass on which the force operates remains the same.

The See also:

HARMONY (Gr. dpµovia, a concord of musical sounds, dpA'ew to join; &plan midi (sc. TeXvil)

harmony of the whole consists in this, that each See also:

SEPARATE

separate thing develops in and for itself in accordance with its own nature while at the same time its See also:

motion benefits the See also:

REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest. The obvious defects of this theory, (I) that the senses alone cannot apprehend matter itself, (2) that it is not clear how the multiplicity of phenomena could result from these two forces, and (3) that he adduced no See also:

EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence to substantiate the See also:

TELFORD, THOMAS (1757—.1834)

TELFORD 573 existence of these two forces, were pointed out at the time by his See also:

PUPIL (Lat. pupillus, orphan, minor, dim. of pupus, boy, allied to puer, from root pm- or peu-, to beget, cf. "pupa," Lat. for " doll," the name given to the stage intervening between the larval and imaginal stages in certain insects)

pupil, See also:

PATRIZZI, FRANCESCO (FRANCISCUS PATRITIUS) (1529-1597)

Patrizzi (see See also:

ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article on PA'rxizzI, See also:

FRANCESCO). Moreover his theory of the cold See also:

earth at rest and the hot See also:

sun in motion was doomed to disproof at the hands of See also:

COPERNICUS (or KOPPERNIGK), NICOLAUS (1473-1543)

Copernicus. At the same time, the theory was sufficiently coherent to make a great impression on Italian thought. When Telesio went on to explain the relation of mind and matter, he was still more heterodox. Material forces are, by See also:

HYPOTHESIS (from Gr. inrorcOivat, to put under; cf. Lat. suppositio, from sub-ponere)

hypothesis, capable of feeling; matter also must have been from the first endowed with consciousness. For consciousness exists, and could not have been See also:

DEVELOPED

developed out of nothing. Again, the soul is influenced by material conditions; consequently the soul must have a material existence. He further held that all knowledge is sensation (" non ratiope sed sensu ") and that intelligence is, therefore, an agglomeration of isolated data, given by the senses. He does not, however, succeed in explaining how the senses alone can perceive difference and identity. At the end of his See also:

SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme, probably in deference to theological prejudices, he added an See also:

ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element which was utterly See also:

ALIEN (Lat. alienus)

alien, namely, a higher impulse, a soul superimposed by See also:

God, in virtue of which we strive beyond the See also:

WORLD

world of sense. The whole See also:

SYSTEM

system of Telesio shows lacunae in See also:

ARGUMENT

argument, and See also:

IGNORANCE (Lat. ignorantia, from ignorare, not to know); want of knowledge, a state of mind which in law has important consequences. A well-known legal maxim runs: ignorantia juris non excusat ("ignorance of the law does not excuse")

ignorance of essential facts, but at the same time it is a fore-runner of all subsequent See also:

EMPIRICISM (from Gr. Eµrretpor, skilled in, from sreipa, experiment)

empiricism, scientific and philosophical, and marks clearly the See also:

period of transition from authority and reason to experiment and individual responsibility.

Beside the De Rerum Natura, he wrote De Somno, De his quae in aere fiunt, De Mari, De Cornelis et Circulo Lacteo, Deusu respirations, &c.

End of Article: TELESIO, BERNARDINO (1509-1588)

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