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UTOPIA , an ideal See also:commonwealth, or an imaginary See also:country whose inhabitants are supposed to exist under the most perfect conditions possible. Hence the terms Utopia and Utopian are also used to denote any visionary See also:- SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)
scheme of reform or social theory, especially those which fail to recognize defects inherent in human nature. The word first occurs in See also:Sir See also:- THOMAS
- THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
- THOMAS (d. 110o)
- THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
- THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
- THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
- THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
- THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
- THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
- THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
- THOMAS, ST
- THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
- THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)
Thomas More's Utopia, which was originally published in Latin under the See also:title De Optima Reipublicae Statu, deque Nova Insula Utopia (See also:Louvain, 1516). It was compounded by More (q.v.) from the See also:Greek ob, not, and Taros, a See also:place, meaning therefore a place which has no real existence, an imaginary country.
The See also:idea of a Utopia is, even in literature, far older than More's See also:romance; it appears in the See also:Timaeus of See also:Plato and is fully See also:developed in his See also:Republic. The idealized description of See also:Sparta in See also:Plutarch's See also:life of See also:Lycurgus belongs to the same class of See also:literary Utopias, though it professes to be See also:historical. A similar idea also occurs in legends of See also:world-wide currency, the best known of these being the Greek, and the See also:medieval Norse, See also:Celtic and Arab legends which describe an earthly See also:Paradise in the Western or See also:Atlantic Ocean (see See also:ATLANTIS). Few of these survived after the exploration of the Atlantic by See also:Columbus, Vasco da Gama and others in the 15th See also:century; but in literature More's Utopia set a new See also:fashion. An ideal See also:state of society is described in the writings of See also:Hobbes, Sir See also:Robert See also:Filmer and J. J. See also:Rousseau. In See also:- BACON
- BACON (through the O. Fr. bacon, Low Lat. baco, from a Teutonic word cognate with " back," e.g. O. H. Ger. pacho, M. H. Ger. backe, buttock, flitch of bacon)
- BACON, FRANCIS (BARON VERULAM, VISCOUNT ST ALBANS) (1561-1626)
- BACON, JOHN (1740–1799)
- BACON, LEONARD (1802–1881)
- BACON, ROGER (c. 1214-c. 1294)
- BACON, SIR NICHOLAS (1509-1579)
Bacon's New Atlantis (1624–29) See also:science is the See also:key to universal happiness; Tommaso See also:Campanella's Civitas See also:Solis (1623) portrays a communistic society, and is largely inspired by the Republic of Plato; See also:- JAMES
- JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
- JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
- JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
- JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
- JAMES, EPISTLE OF
- JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
- JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
- JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
- JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)
James See also:Harrington's Oceana (1656), which had a profound See also:influence upon See also:political thought in See also:America, is a See also:practical See also:treatise rather than a romance, and is founded on the ideas that See also:property, especially in See also:land, is the basis of political See also:power, and that the executive should only be controlled for a See also:short See also:period by the same See also:man or men. See also:Bernard de See also:Mandeville's See also:Fable of the Bees is unique in that it describes the downfall of an ideal commonwealth. Other Utopias are the " Voyage en Salente " in See also:Fenelon's Telemaque (1699); See also:Etienne See also:Cabet's Voyage en Icarie (184o); Bulwer See also:Lytton's The Coming See also:Race (1871); See also:Samuel See also:- BUTLER
- BUTLER (or BOTELER), SAMUEL (1612–168o)
- BUTLER (through the O. Fr. bouteillier, from the Late Lat. buticularius, buticula, a bottle)
- BUTLER, ALBAN (1710-1773)
- BUTLER, BENJAMIN FRANKLIN (1818-1893)
- BUTLER, CHARLES (1750–1832)
- BUTLER, GEORGE (1774-1853)
- BUTLER, JOSEPH (1692-1752)
- BUTLER, NICHOLAS MURRAY (1862– )
- BUTLER, SAMUEL (1774-1839)
- BUTLER, SAMUEL (1835-1902)
- BUTLER, SIR WILLIAM FRANCIS (1838– )
- BUTLER, WILLIAM ARCHER (1814-1848)
Butler's Erewhon (1872) and Erewhon Revisited (1901); See also:Edward See also:Bellamy's Looking Backward (1888) ; See also:- WILLIAM
- WILLIAM (1143-1214)
- WILLIAM (1227-1256)
- WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
- WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
- WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
- WILLIAM, 13TH
William See also:Morris's See also:News from Nowhere (189o) ; H. G. See also:Wells's Anticipations (1901), A See also:Modern Utopia (1905) and New Worlds for Old (1908). Many Utopias, such as the Fable of the Bees and Erewhon, are designed to satirize existing social conditions as well as to depict a more perfect See also:civilization. There are See also:separate articles on all the authors mentioned above. A large number of the more See also:recent Utopias have been inspired by socialistic or communistic ideals; among these may be mentioned Freiland, ein soziales Zukunftsbild (189o) and Reise nach Freiland (1893), by the See also:Austrian political economist Theodor Hertzka (b. See also:Budapest, 1845), which portray an imaginary communistic See also:colony in Central See also:Africa.
End of Article: UTOPIA
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