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COLUMBUS, CHRISTOPHER [in Spanish CRI...
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See also:COLUMBUS, See also:CHRISTOPHER [in See also:Spanish CRISTOBAL See also:COLON] (c. 1446, or perhaps rather 1451, -15o6) was the eldest son of Domenico See also:Colombo and Suzanna Fontanarossa, and was See also:born at See also:Genoa either about 1446 or in 1451, the exact date being uncertain. His See also:father was a See also:wool-comber, of some small means, who lived till 1498. According to the See also:life of Columbus by his son See also: About 1479 Columbus visited Porto Santo, here as in Portugal probably employing his time in making maps and charts for a livelihood, while he pored over the logs and papers of his deceased father-in-See also:law, and talked with old See also:seamen of their voyages, and of the See also:mystery of tie western seas. About this time, too, if not earlier, he seems to have arrived at the conclusion that much of the See also:world remained undiscovered, and step by step conceived that See also:design of reaching See also:Asia by sailing west which was to result in the See also:discovery of See also:America. In 1474 he is said to See also:Idea of have corresponded with See also:Paolo Toscanelli, the Floren- western tine physician and cosmographer, and to have received passage from him valuable suggestions, both by See also:map and to Asia. See also:letter, for such a Western enterprise. (The whole of this incident has been disputed by some See also:recent critics.) He had perhaps already begun his studies in a number of See also:works, especially the See also:Book of Marco See also:Polo and the Imago Mundi of See also:Pierre d'See also:Ailly, by which his cosmographical and See also:geographical conceptions were largely moulded. His views, as finally See also:developed and presented to the courts of Portugal and See also:Spain, were supported by three See also:principal lines of See also:argument, derived from natural reasons, from the theories of geographers, and from the reports and traditions of mariners. He believed the world to be a See also:sphere; he under-estimated its See also:size; he overestimated the size of the See also:Asiatic See also:continent. And the farther that continent extended towards the See also:east, the nearer it came towards Spain. Nor were these theories the only supports of his idea. See also: Columbus, on the See also:accession of See also: The adventurer was indeed kindly received; he was handed over to the care of Alonso de Quintanilla, whom he speedily converted into an enthusiastic supporter of his theory. He made many other See also:friends, and among them Beatriz Enriquez, the See also:mother of his second son Fernando. But the committee, presided over by the queen's See also:confessor, Fray Hernando de Talavera, which had been appointed to consider the new project, reported that it was vain and impracticable.
From Cordova Columbus followed the court to See also:Salamanca, having already been introduced by Quintanilla to the See also:notice of the See also:grand See also:cardinal, Pedro Gonzalez de See also:Mendoza, " the third king of Spain "; the latter had befriended and supported the Genoese, and apparently arranged the first interview between him and Queen Isabella. At Salamanca prolonged discussions took See also:place upon the questions now raised; the See also:Dominicans of See also:San Esteban entertained Columbus during the conferences (1486-1487). In 1487 Columbus, who had been following the court from place to place (billeted in towns as an officer of the sovereigns, and gratified from time to time with sums of See also:money towards his expenses), was See also:present at the See also:siege of See also:Malaga. In 1488 he was invited by the king of Portugal, his " especial friend," to return to that country, and was assured of See also:protection against See also:arrest or proceedings of any See also:kind (See also: He at once betook himself to See also:Huelva, a little maritime See also:town in See also:Andalusia, north-west of See also:Cadiz, with the intention of taking See also:ship for France. He halted, however, at the monastery of La Rabida, near Huelva, and still nearer Palos, where he seems to have made lasting friend-ships on his first arrival in Spain in See also:January 1485, where he especially enlisted the support of Juan See also:Perez, the See also:guardian, who invited him to take up his quarters in the monastery, andintroduced him to See also:Garcia See also:Fernandez, a physician and student of See also:geography. Juan Perez had been the queen's confessor; he now wrote to her in urgent terms, and was summoned to her presence; and money was sent to Columbus to bring him once more to court. He reached Granada in time to See also:witness the surrender of the See also:city (January 2, 1492), and negotiations were resumed. Columbus believed in his mission, and stood out for high terms; he asked for the rank of admiral at once (" Admiral of the Ocean " in all those islands, seas, and continents that he might discover), the See also:vice-See also:royalty of all he should discover, and a tenth of the See also:precious metals discovered within his See also:admiralty. These conditions were rejected, and the negotiations were again interrupted. An interview with Mendoza appears to have followed; but nothing came of it, and before the See also:close of January 1492, Columbus actually set out for France. At length, however, on the entreaty of the Queen's confidante, the Marquesa de Moya, of Luis de Santangel, See also:receiver of the ecclesiastical revenues of the See also:crown of See also:Aragon, and of other courtiers, Isabella was induced to determine on the expedition. A messenger was sent after Columbus, and overtook him near a See also:bridge called " Pinos," 6 m. from Granada. He returned to the See also:camp at See also:Santa Fe; and on the 17th of See also:April 1492, the agreement between him and their See also:Catholic majesties was signed and sealed. As his aims included not only the discovery of Cipangu or See also:Japan, but also the opening up of intercourse with the grand See also:khan of See also:Cathay, he received a royal letter of introduction to the latter. The town of Palos was ordered to find him two ships, and these were soon placed at his disposal. But no crews could be got together, in spite of the See also:indemnity offered to criminals and " broken men " who would serve on the expedition; and had not Juan Perez succeeded in interesting in the cause the Palos " magnates " Martin Alonso See also:Pinzon and Vicente Yanez Pinzon, Columbus' departure had been long delayed. At last, however, men, ships and stores were ready. The expedition consisted of the " Santa Maria," a decked ship of too tons with a See also:crew of 52 men, commanded by the admiral in See also:person; and of two caravels; the " Pinta " of 50 tons, with 18 men, under Martin Pinzon; and the " Nina," of 40 tons, with 18 men, under his brother Vicente Yanez, afterwards (1499) the first to See also:cross the See also:line in the See also:American See also:Atlantic. The adventurers numbered 8& souls; and on See also:Friday, the 3rd of August 1492, at eight in the See also:morning, the little See also:fleet weighed See also:anchor, and stood for the See also:Canary Islands. An abstract of the admiral's See also:diary made by Las Casas is yet va eft. extant; and from it many particulars may be gleaned concerning this first voyage. Three days after the ships had set sail the " Pinta " lost her See also:rudder; the admiral was in some alarm, but comforted himself with the reflection that Martin Pinzon was energetic and ready-witted; they had, however, to put in at See also:Teneriffe, to refit the caravel. On the 6th of See also:September they weighed anchor once more with all haste, Columbus having been informed that three Portuguese caravels were on the look-out to intercept him. On the 13th of September the westerly See also:variations of the magnetic See also:needle were for the first time observed; on the 15th a See also:meteor See also:fell into the See also:sea at four or five leagues distance; soon after they arrived at those vast plains of seaweed called the Sargasso Sea; while all the time, writes the admiral, they had most temperate breezes, the sweetness of the mornings being especiaily delightful, the See also:weather like an Andalusian April, and only the See also:song of the See also:nightingale wanting. On the 17th the men began to murmur; they were frightened by the strange phenomena of the variation of the See also:compass, but the explanation Columbus gave restored their tranquillity. On the 18th they saw many birds, and a great See also:ridge of See also:low-lying See also:cloud; and they expected to see See also:land. On the loth they saw boobies and other birds, and were sure the land must be near. In this, however, they were disappointed; and thenceforth Columbus, who was keeping all the while a See also:double reckoning, one for the crew and one for himself, had great difficulty in restraining the evil-disposed from the excesses they meditated. On the 25th Martin Alonso Pinzon raised the cry of land, but it proved false, as did the rumour to the same effect on the 7th of See also:October, from the "Nina." But on the 11th the " Pinta " fished up a See also:cane, a See also:pole, a stick which appeared to have been wrought with iron, and a See also:board, while the " Nina " sighted a See also:branch covered with berries; " and with these signs all of them breathed and were glad." At ten o'See also:clock on that See also:night Columbus himself perceived and pointed out America a See also:light ahead, and at two in the morning of Friday, discovered. di the 12th of October 1492, Rodrigo de Triana, a sailor aboard the " Nina," announced the See also:appearance of what proved to be the New World. The land sighted was an See also:island, called by the See also:Indians Guanahani, and named by Columbus San See also:Salvador. It is generally identified with Watling Island. The same morning Columbus landed, richly clad, and bearing the royal banner of Spain. He was accompanied by the See also:brothers Pinzon, bearing See also:banners of the See also:Green Cross (a See also:device of the admiral's), and by great part of the crew. When they all had " given thanks to See also:God, kneeling upon the See also:shore, and kissed the ground with tears of joy, for the great See also:mercy received," the admiral named the island, and took See also:solemn See also:possession of it for their Catholic majesties of Castile and Leon. At the same time such of the crews as had shown themselves doubtful and mutinous sought his See also:pardon weeping, and prostrated themselves at his feet. Into the remaining detail of this voyage, of highest interest as it is, it is impossible to go further. It will be enough to say that it resulted in the discovery of the islands of Santa Maria de la See also:Concepcion (See also:Rum Cay), See also:Fernandina (Long Island), Isabella (Crooked Island), See also:Cuba or Juana (named by Columbus in See also:honour of the young prince of Spain), and Hispaniola, See also:Haiti, or San Domingo. Off the last of these the " Santa Maria " went aground, owing to the carelessness of the steersman. No lives were lost, but the ship had to be unloaded and abandoned; and Columbus, who was anxious to return to Europe with the See also:news of his achievement, resolved to plant a See also:colony on the island, to build a fort out of the material of the stranded hulk, and to leave the crew. The fort was called La Navidad; 44 Europeans were placed in See also:charge. On the 4th of January 1493 Columbus, who had lost sight of Martin Pinzon, set sail alone in the " Nina " for the east; and two days afterwards the " Pinta " joined her See also:sister-ship. A See also:storm, however, separated the vessels, and it was not until the 18th of February that Columbus reached the island of Santa Maria in the See also:Azores. Here he was threatened with See also:capture by the Portuguese governor, who could not for some time be brought to recognize his See also:commission. On the 24th of February, however, he was allowed to proceed, and on the 4th of March the " Nina " dropped anchor off Lisbon. The king of Portugal received the admiral with the highest honours. On the 13th of March the " Nina " put out from the See also:Tagus, and two days afterwards, Friday, the 15th of March, she reached Palos.
The court was at See also:Barcelona; and thither, after despatching a letter announcing his arrival, Columbus proceeded in person. He entered the city in a sort of triumphal procession, was received by their majesties in full court, and, seated in their presence, related the See also:story of his wanderings, exhibiting the " See also:rich and strange " spoils of the new-found lands,—the gold, the See also:cotton, the parrots, the curious arms, the mysterious See also:plants, the unknown birds and beasts, and the Indians he had brought with him for See also:baptism. All his honours and privileges were confirmed to him; the See also:title of See also:Don was conferred on himself and his brothers; he rode at the king's bridle; he was served and saluted as a See also:grandee of Spain. A new and magnificent scutcheon was also blazoned for him (4th May 1493), whereon the royal See also:castle and See also:lion of Castile and Leon were combined with the five anchors of his own coat of arms. Nor were their Catholic highnesses less busy on their own See also:account than on that of their servant. On the 3rd and 4th of May See also: A new expedition was got in readiness with all possible despatch, to secure and extend the discoveries already made. After several delays the fleet weighed anchor on the 24th of September 1493 and steered westwards. It consisted of three great carracks (galleons) and fourteen caravels (light frigates), having on board over 1500 men, besides the vosecond 1•age. animals and materials necessary for colonization. Twelve missionaries accompanied the expedition, under the orders of Bernardo See also:Bull or See also:Boil, a See also:Benedictine; Columbus had been already directed (29th May 1493) to endeavour by all means in his See also:power to Christianize the inhabitants of the islands, to make them presents, and • to " honour them much", while all under him were commanded to treat them " well and lovingly," under See also:pain of severe See also:punishment. On the 13th of October the ships, which had put in at the Canaries, left Ferro; and on See also:Sunday, the 3rd of See also:November, after a single storm, " by the goodness of God and the See also:wise management of the admiral " an island was sighted to the west, which was named See also:Dominica. Northwards from this the isles, of Marigalante and Guadalupe were next discovered and named; while on the north-western course to La Navidad those of See also:Montserrat, See also:Antigua, San Martin, Santa Cruz and the Virgin Islands were sighted, and the island now called Porto Rico was touched at, hurriedly explored, and named San Juan Bautista. On the 22nd of November Columbus came in sight of Hispaniola, and sailing westward to La Navidad, found the fort burned and the colony dispersed. He decided on See also:building a second fort, and See also:coasting on 30 M. east of See also:Monte Cristi, he pitched on a spot where he founded the city of Isabella. The See also:climate proved unhealthy; the colonists were greedy of gold, impatient of See also:control, proud, ignorant and mutinous; and Columbus, whose inclination See also:drew him westward, was doubtless glad to escape the worry and anxiety of his See also:post, and to avail himself of the instructions of his sovereigns as to further dis-• coveries. On the 2nd of February 1494 he sent See also:home, by See also:Antonio de Torres, that despatch to their Catholic highnesses. by which he may be said to have founded the West See also:Indian slave trade. He established the See also:mining camp of San Tomaso in the gold country of Central Hispaniola; and on the 24th of April 1494, having nominated a council of regency under his brother Diego, and appointed Pedro Margarit his captain-See also:general, he again put to sea. After following the See also:southern shore of Cuba for some days, he steered southwards, and discovered (May 14th) the island of See also:Jamaica, which he named See also:Santiago. He then resumed his exploration of the Cuban coast, threaded his way through a See also:labyrinth of islets which he named the See also:Garden of the Queen (Jardin de la Reyna), and, after coasting westwards for many days, became convinced that he had discovered See also:continental land. He therefore caused Perez de See also:Luna, the See also:notary, to draw up a document to this effect (12th of See also:June 1494), which was afterwards taken round and signed (the admiral's steward witnessing) by the See also:officers, men and boys of his three caravels, the " Nina," the " Cordera," and the " San Juan." He then stood to the south-east, and sighted the island of Evangelista (now See also:Isla de los Pinos), revisited Jamaica, coasted the south of Hispaniola, and on the 24th of September touched at and named the island of La See also:Mona, in the channel between Hispaniola and Porto Rico. Thence he had intended to sail eastwards and See also:complete the survey of the Caribbean See also:Archipelago; but he was exhausted by the terrible See also:tear and See also:wear of mind and See also:body he had undergone (he says himself that on this expedition he was three-and-See also:thirty days almost without See also:sleep), and on the See also:day following his departure from La Mona he fell into a lethargy, that deprived him of sense and memory, and had well-nigh proved fatal to life. At last, on the 29th of September, the little fleet dropped anchor off Isabella, and in his new city the admiral See also:lay sick for five months. The colony was in a sad See also:plight. Every one was discontented, and many were sick, for the climate was unhealthy and there was nothing to eat. Margarit and Boil had deserted the See also:settlement and fled to Spain, but ere his departure the former, in his capacity of captain-general, had done much to See also:outrage and alienate the Indians. The strongest See also:measures were necessary to undo this See also:mischief, and, backed by his brother Bartholomew, Columbus proceeded to reduce the natives under Spanish sway. Alonso de Ojeda succeeded by a brilliant coup de See also:main in capturing the cacique Caonabo, and the See also:rest submitted. Five ship-loads of Indians were sent off to See also:Seville (24th June 1495) to be sold as slaves; and a See also:tribute was imposed upon their See also:fellows, which must be looked upon as the origin of that See also:system of repartimientos or encomiendas which was afterwards to See also:work such mischief among the conquered. In October 1495 Juan See also:Aguado arrived at Isabella, with a royal commission to report on the state of the colony; here he took up the position of a See also:judge of Columbus's government; and much recrimination followed. Columbus decided to return home; he appointed his brother Bartholomew adelantado of the island; and on the loth of March 1496 he quitted Hispaniola in the " Nina." The See also:vessel, after a protracted and perilous voyage, reached Cadiz on the Ilth of June 1496, where the admiral landed, wearing the See also:habit of a Franciscan. He was cordially received by his sovereigns, and a new fleet of eight vessels was put at his disposal. By royal patent, moreover, a See also:tract cf land in Hispaniola, of 5o leagues by 20, was offered to him, with the title of duke or See also:marquis (which he declined); for three years he was to receive an eighth of the See also:gross and a tenth of the See also:net profits on each voyage; the right of creating a mayorazgo or perpetual See also:entail of titles and estates was granted him; and his two sons were received into Isabella's service as pages.
Meanwhile, however, the preparing of the .fleet proceeded slowly, and it was not till the 3oth of May 1498 that he set
Third sail with his main fleet of six ships—two caravels had
voyage already been sent on ahead. From San Lucar he
steered for Porto Santo, See also:Madeira, and See also:Gomera, despatching three vessels See also:direct from the Canaries to Hispaniola. He next proceeded to the Cape Verde Islands, which he quitted on the 5th of See also:July. On the 31st of the same See also:month, being greatly in need of See also:water, and fearing that no land lay westwards as he had hoped, Columbus had turned his ship's See also:head north, when Alonzo Perez of Huelva saw land about 15 leagues to the south-west. It was crowned with three See also: He was now anxious to revisit the colony in Hispaniola; and after sighting See also:Tobago, See also:Grenada, and See also:Margarita, made for San Domingo, the new See also:capital of the settlement, where he arrived on the 31st of August. He found that affairs had not prospered well in his absence. By the vigour and activity of the adelantado, the whole island had been reduced under Spanish sway; but under the leadership of Francisco Roldan the malcontent settlers had risen in revolt, and Columbus had to See also:compromise matters in See also:order to restore See also:peace. Roldan retained his See also:office of See also:chief See also:justice; and such of his followers as See also:chose to remain in the island were gratified with repartimientos of land and labour. At home, however, court favour had turned against Columbus. For one thing, the ex-colonists were often bitterly hostile to the admiral and his brothers. They were wont to See also:parade their grievances in the very court-yards of the See also:Alhambra, to surround the king when he came forth with complaints and reclamations, to insult the discoverer's young sons with shouts and jeers. Again, the queen began to criticize severely the shipment of Indians from the new-found lands to Spain. And once more, there was no doubt that the colony itself, whatever the cause, had not prospered so well as might have been desired. Ferdinand's support of Columbus had never been very hearty, and his inclination to supersede the Genoese now prevailed over the queen's friendliness. Accordingly, on the 21st of May 1499, Francisco Bobadilla was appointed governor and judge of Hispaniola during royal See also:pleasure, with authority to examine into all complaints. Columbus was ordered to deliver up his charge to Bobadilla, and to accept whatever the latter should deliver him from the sovereigns. Bobadilla left Spain in June 1500, and landed in Hispaniola on the 23rd of August. Columbus, meanwhile, had restored such tranquillity as was possible in his government. With Roldan's help he had beaten off an See also:attempt on the island of the adventurer Ojeda, his old See also:lieutenant; the Indians were being collected into villages and Christianized. Gold-mining was profitably pursued; in three years, he calculated, the royal revenues might be raised to an See also:average of 6o,000,000 reals. The arrival of Bobadilla, however, speedily changed this state of affairs. On landing, he took possession of the admiral's See also:house and summoned him and his brothers before him. Accusations of severity, of injustice, of venality even, were poured down on their heads, and Columbus anticipated nothing less than a shameful See also:death. Bobadilla put all three in irons, and shipped them off to Spain. Alonso See also:Vallejo, captain of the caravel in which the illustrious prisoners sailed, still retained a proper sense of the honour and respect due to Columbus, and would have removed the fetters; but to this Columbus would not consent. He would wear them, he said, until their highnesses, by whose order they had been affixed, should order their removal; and he would keep them afterwards " as See also:relics and as memorials of the See also:reward of his service." He did so. His son Fernando " saw them always See also:hanging in his See also:cabinet, and he requested that when he died they might be buried with him." Whether this last wish was complied with is not known. A heart-broken and indignant letter from Columbus to Dona Juana de Torres, formerly See also:nurse of the See also:infante Don Juan, arrived at court before the despatch of Bobadilla. It was read to the queen, and its tidings were confirmed by communications from Alonso Vallejo and the alcaide of Cadiz. There was a great See also:movement of indignation; the See also:tide of popular and royal feeling turned once more in the admiral's favour. He received a large sum to defray his expenses; and when he appeared at court, on the 17th of December 1500, he was no longer in irons and disgrace, but richly apparelled and surrounded with friends. He was received with all honour and distinction. The queen is said to have been moved to tears by the narration of his story. Their majesties not only repudiated Bobadilla's proceedings, but declined to inquire into the charges that he at the same time brought against his prisoners, and promised Columbus See also:compensation for his losses and See also:satisfaction for his wrongs. A new governor, See also:Nicolas de Ovando, was appointed, and left San Lucar on the 13th of February 1502, with a fleet of thirty ships, to supersede Bobadilla. The latter was to be impeached and sent• home; the admiral's See also:property was to be restored; and a fresh start was to be made in the conduct of colonial affairs. Thus ended Columbus's See also:history as See also:viceroy and governor of the new Indies which he had presented to the country of his See also:adoption. His See also:hour of rest, however, was not yet come. Ever anxious to serve their Catholic highnesses, " and particularly the queen," he had determined to find a strait through which he See also:Fourth might penetrate westwards into Portuguese Asia. voyage. After the usual inevitable delays his prayers were granted, and on the 9th of May 1502, with four caravels and 150 men, he weighed anchor from Cadiz, and sailed on his fourth and last great voyage. He first betook himself to the See also:relief of the Portuguese fort of Arzilla, which had been besieged by the Moors, but the siege had been raised before he arrived. He put to sea westwards once more, and on the 15th of June discovered the island of Martinino (probably St See also:Lucia). He had received See also:positive instructions from his sovereigns on no account to See also:touch at Hispaniola; but his largest caravel was greatly in need of See also:repairs, and he had no choice but to abandon her or disobey orders. He preferred the latter alternative, and sent a See also:boat
ashore to Ovando, asking for a new ship and for permission to enter the See also:harbour to weather a See also:hurricane which he saw was coming on. But his See also:requests were refused, and he coasted the island, casting anchor under See also: The men had become clamorous and insubordinate; not until the 5th of December, however, would he tack about and retrace his course. It now became his intention to plant a colony on the See also:river Veragua, which was afterwards to give his descendants a title of See also:nobility; but he had hardly put about when he was caught in a storm, which lasted eight days, wrenched and strained his crazy, See also:worm-eaten ships severely, and finally, on See also:Epiphany Sunday 1503, blew him into an embouchure which he named Belem or See also:Bethlehem. Gold was very plentiful in this place, and here he determined to found his settlement. By the end of March 1503 a number of huts had been run up, and in these the adelantado (Bartholomew Columbus), with 8o men, was to remain, while Christopher returned to Spain for men and supplies. Quarrels, however, arose with the natives; the cacique was made prisoner, but escaped again; and before Columbus could leave the coast he had to abandon a caravel, to take the settlers on board, and to relinquish the enterprise of colonization. Steering eastwards, he left a second caravel at Puerto See also:Bello; he thence See also:bore northwards for Cuba, where he obtained supplies from the natives. From Cuba he bore up for Jamaica, and there, in the harbour of San 'Gloria, now St See also:Ann's See also:Bay, he ran his ships aground in a small inlet still called Don Christopher's See also:Cove (June 23rd, 1503). The expedition was received with great kindness by the natives, and here Columbus remained upwards of a See also:year, awaiting the return of his lieutenant Diego Mendez, whom he had despatched to Ovando for assistance. During his See also:critical sojourn here, the admiral suffered much from disease and from the lawlessness of his followers, whose misconduct had alienated the natives, and provoked them to withhold their accustomed supplies, until he dexterously worked upon their superstitions by prognosticating an See also:eclipse. Two vessels having at last arrived for his relief, Columbus left Jamaica on the 28th of June 1504, and, after calling at Hispaniola, set sail for Spain on the 12th of September. After a tempestuous voyage he landed once more at San Lucar on the 7th of November 1504. As he was too ill to go to court, his son Diego was sent thither in his place, to look after his interests and transact his business. Letter after letter followed the young See also:man from Seville—one by the hands of Amerigo See also:Vespucci. A See also:licence to ride on See also:mule-back was granted him on the 23rd of February 1505; and in the following May he was removed to the court at See also:Segovia, and thence again to See also:Valladolid. On the landing of See also: In 1795–1796, on the cession of that island to the French, the relics were re-exhumed and transferred to the cathedral of See also:Havana, whence, after the Spanish-American War of 1898 and the loss of Cuba, they were finally removed to Seville cathedral, where they remain. The present See also:heir and representative of Columbus belongs to the Larreategui family, descendants of the discoverer through the See also:female line, and retains the titles of admiral and duke of Veragua. .3 /4' . s~. Am y Xj° FIEREN s) Columbus See also:Cipher. The See also:interpretation of the seven-lettered cipher, accepting the smaller letters of the second line as the final ones of the words, seems to be Salve Christus, Maria, Yosephus. The name Christopher (Christoferens) appears in the last line. In person Columbus was tall and shapely. The only See also:authentic portrait of him is that which once belonged to See also:Paulus See also:Jovius, and is still in the possession of the de Orchi family (related to Jovius by female descent) at See also:Como. It shows us a See also:venerable man with clean-shaven See also:face, thin See also:grey See also:hair, high forehead, sad thoughtful eyes. It bears the inscription Columbus Lygur. novi orbis reperlor. Columbus (London, See also:Hakluyt Society, 1847) ; Fernandez Duro, Colon y Pinzon (See also:Madrid, 1883) ; Henry Harrisse, Christophe See also:Colomb (See also:Paris, 1884), and Christophe Colomb devant l'histoire (Paris, 1892) ; See also:Justin See also:Winsor, Christopher Columbus (See also:Cambridge, See also:Mass., 1891); Jose Maria Asensio, Cristoval Colon (Barcelona, 1892) ; Clements R. See also:Markham, Life of Christopher Columbus (London, 1892) ; John See also:Fiske, Discovery of America (See also:Boston and New See also:York, 1892) ; E. J. See also:Payne, History of the New World called America, vol. i. (See also:Oxford, 1892) ; See also:Paul Gaffarel, Histoire de la decouverte de l'Amerique (Paris, 1892) ; See also: Additional information and CommentsThere are no comments yet for this article.
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