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See also:AILLY, See also:PIERRE D' (1350-1420), See also:French theologian, was See also:born at See also:Compiegne in 135o of a See also:bourgeois See also:family, and studied in See also:Paris
at the celebrated See also:college of See also:Navarre. He became a licentiate of arts in 1367, See also:procurator of the French " nation " in 1372, See also:bachelor of See also:theology in 1372, and licentiate and See also:doctor in that See also:faculty in 1381.
Since 1378 Western Christendom, in consequence of the See also:election of the two popes See also:Urban VI. and See also:Clement VII., had been divided into two obediences. In the See also:spring of 1379 Pierre d'Ailly, in anticipation even of the decision of the university of Paris, had carried to the See also:pope of See also:Avignon the " role " of the French nation, but notwithstanding this prompt See also:adhesion he was See also:firm in his See also:desire to put an end to the See also:schism, and when, on the loth of May 1381, the university decreed that the best means to this end was to try to gather together a See also:general See also:council, Pierre d'Ailly sup-ported this See also:motion before the See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king's council in the presence of the See also:duke of See also:Anjou. The dissatisfaction displayed shortly after by the See also:government obliged the university to give up this See also:- SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)
scheme, and was probably the cause of Pierre d'Ailly's temporary retirement to See also:Noyon, where he held a canonry. There he continued the struggle for his See also:side in a humorous See also:work, in which the partisans of the council are amusingly taken to task by the demon See also:Leviathan.
After his return to Paris, where from 1384 onwards he filled the position of See also:master of the college of Navarre, and took See also:part in a violent See also:campaign against the See also:chancellor of Notre-See also:Dame, he was twice entrusted with a See also:mission to Clement VII. in 1388 to defend the doctrines of the university, and especially those concerning the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin, against the See also:preaching See also:friar See also:Jean de Montson, and in 1389 to See also:petition in the name of the king for the See also:canonization of the See also:young See also:cardinal See also:- PETER
- PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
- PETER (PEDRO)
- PETER, EPISTLES OF
- PETER, ST
Peter of See also:Luxemburg. The success which attended his efforts on these two occasions, and the eloquence which he displayed, perhaps contributed to his choice as the king's See also:almoner and See also:confessor. At the same See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time, by means of an See also:exchange, he obtained to the highest dignity in the university, becoming chancellor of Notre-Dame de Paris.
When in 1394 See also:Benedict XIII. succeeded Clement VII. at Avignon, Pierre d'Ailly was entrusted by the king with a mission of congratulation to the new pontiff. His obsequious See also:language on this occasion, and the favours with which it was rewarded, formed a too violent contrast to the determined attitude of the university of Paris, which, tired of the schism, was even then demanding the resignation of the two pontiffs. Pierre d'Ailly himself had not See also:long before taken part in the See also:drawing 'up of a See also:letter to the king in which the advantages of this See also:double See also:abdication were set forth, but since then his zeal had seemed to cool a little. None the less, on his return from Avignon, he again in the presence of the king enlarged upon the advantages offered by the way which the university commended. But the suspicions aroused by his conduct found further See also:confirmation when he caused himself—or allowed himself—to be nominated See also:bishop of Le See also:Puy by Benedict XIII. ( See also:April 2, 1395). The See also:great number of benefices which he held See also:left See also:room for some doubt as to his disinterestedness. Henceforward he was under suspicion at the university, and was excluded from the assemblies where the See also:union was discussed.
Some time afterwards Pierre d'Ailly became bishop of See also:Cambrai (See also:March 19, 1397) by the favour of the pope, who had yielded no whit, and, by virtue of this position, became also a See also:prince of the See also:empire. In See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order to take See also:possession of his new see, he had to brave the wrath of the duke of See also:Burgundy, override the resistance of the See also:clergy and bourgeoisie, and even withstand an armed attack on the part of several lords; but his See also:protector, the duke of See also:- ORLEANS
- ORLEANS, CHARLES, DUKE OF (1391-1465)
- ORLEANS, DUKES OF
- ORLEANS, FERDINAND PHILIP LOUIS CHARLES HENRY, DUKE OF (1810-1842)
- ORLEANS, HENRI, PRINCE
- ORLEANS, HENRIETTA, DUCHESS
- ORLEANS, JEAN BAPTISTE GASTON, DUKE
- ORLEANS, LOUIS
- ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE JOSEPH
- ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ROBERT, DUKE
- ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE, DUKE OF (1725–1785)
- ORLEANS, LOUIS, DUKE OF (1372–1407)
- ORLEANS, PHILIP I
- ORLEANS, PHILIP II
Orleans, had his See also:investiture performed by See also:Wenceslaus, king of the See also:Romans. The latter, though a See also:partisan of the pope of See also:Rome, took the opportunity of enjoining on Pierre d'Ailly to go in his name and argue with the pope of Avignon, a move which had as its See also:object to persuade Benedict XIII. to an abdication, the See also:necessity of which was becoming more and more evident. How-ever, the language of the bishop of Cambrai seems on this occasion to have been lacking in decision; however that may be, it led to no felicitous result.
See also:France next tried to bring violent pressure to See also:bear to conquerthe obstinacy of Benedict XIII. by threatening a formal with drawal from his obedience. Pierre d'Ailly, who, in spite of his See also:attachment to the pope, had been carried away by the example of the See also:kingdom, was among the first who, in 1403, after experience of what had happened, counselled and celebrated the restoration of obedience. He was sent by See also:Charles VI. on an See also:embassy to Benedict XIII. and seized this opportunity of lavishing on the pontiff friendly congratulations mingled with useful See also:advice. Two years later, before the same pontiff, he preached in the See also:city of See also:Genoa a See also:sermon which led to the general institution, in the countries of the obedience of Avignon, of the festival of the See also:Holy Trinity.
At the ecclesiastical council which took See also:place at Paris in 1406 Pierre d'Ailly made every effort to avert a new withdrawal from the obedience and, by order of the king, took the part of defender of jiedict XIII., a course which yet again exposed him to attacks from the university party. The following See also:year he and his See also:disciple See also:Gerson formed part of the great embassy sent by the princes to the two pontiffs, and while in See also:Italy he was occupied in praise-worthy but vain efforts to induce the pope of Rome to remove himself to a See also:town on the See also:Italian See also:coast, in the neighbourhood of his See also:rival, where it was hoped that the double abdication would take place. Discouraged by his failure to effect this, he returned to his See also:diocese of Cambrai at the beginning of 1408. At this time he was still faithful to Benedict XIII., and the disinclination he See also:felt to joining the members of the French clergy who were on the point of ratifying the royal See also:declaration of See also:neutrality excited the anger of Charles VI.'s government, and a See also:mandate, which was however not executed, ordered the See also:arrest of the bishop of Cambrai.
It was not till after the cardinals of the two colleges had led to the See also:convocation of the general council of See also:Pisa that Pierre d'Ailly renounced the support of Benedict XIIl., and, for want of a better policy, again allied himself with the cause which he had championed in his youth. In the council See also:lay now, to See also:judge from his words, the only See also:chance of salvation; and, in view of the requirements of the See also:case, he began to argue that, in case of schism, a council could be convoked by any one of the faithful, and would have the right to judge and even to depose the rival pontiffs. This was, in fact, the See also:procedure of the council of Pisa, in which Pierre d'Ailly took part. After the declaration of the deposition of See also:- GREGORY
- GREGORY (Gregorius)
- GREGORY (Grigorii) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1734-1783)
- GREGORY, EDWARD JOHN (1850-19o9)
- GREGORY, OLINTHUS GILBERT (1774—1841)
- GREGORY, ST (c. 213-C. 270)
- GREGORY, ST, OF NAZIANZUS (329–389)
- GREGORY, ST, OF NYSSA (c.331—c. 396)
- GREGORY, ST, OF TOURS (538-594)
Gregory XII. and Benedict XIII. it went on to the election of See also:Alexander V. (See also:June 26th, 1409). This pope reigned only ten months; his successor, See also:John XXIIL, raised Pierre d'Ailly to the See also:rank of cardinal (June 6, 1411), and. further, to indemnify him for the loss of the bishopric of Cambrai; conferred upon, him the See also:administration of that of See also:Limoges (See also:November 3, 1412), which was shortly after exchanged for the bishopric of See also:Orange. He also nominated Pierre d'Ailly as his See also:legate in See also:Germany (March 18, 1413).
Forgetting these benefits, the cardinal of Cambrai was one of. the most formidable adversaries of John See also:XXIII. at the council of See also:Constance. Convinced as he was of the necessity for union and reform, he contributed more than any one to the See also:adoption of the principle that, since the schism had survived the council of Pisa, it was necessary again to take up the work fora fundamental union, without considering the rights of John XXIII. any more than they had those of Gregory XIl. and Benedict XIII. From this point of view Pierre d'Ailly,. together with his compatriot Cardinal Fillastre, took the preponderating. part during the first few months. Afterwards, seeing the trend of events, he showed some uneasiness and hesitation. He refused, however, to under-take the See also:defence of John XXIII., and only appeared in the trial of this pope to make depositions against him, which were sometimes of an overwhelming See also:character.
Among the important matters which claimed his See also:attention at Constance may be mentioned also the condemnation of the errors of Wycliffe and the trial of John See also:Huss. The See also:reading in public of his two See also:treatises De Polestate eccl'esiastica and De See also:Reformation Ecclesiae revealed, besides ideas very See also:peculiar to himself on the reform and constitution of the See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
church, his See also:design of reducing the See also:power of the See also:English in the council by denying them the right of
forming a See also:separate nation (See also:October 1–November 1, 1416). By this campaign, which exposed him to the worst See also:retaliation of the English, he inaugurated his role of " procurator and defender of the king of France."
When at last the question arose of giving. the See also:Christian See also:world a new pope, this time See also:sole and uncontested, Pierre d'Ailly defended the right of the cardinals, if not to keep the election entirely in their own hands, at any See also:rate to See also:share in the election, and he brought forward an ingenious See also:system for reconciling the pretensions of the council with the rights of the Sacred College. In this way was elected Pope See also:- MARTIN (Martinus)
- MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
- MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
- MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
- MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
- MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
- MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
- MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
- MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
- MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
- MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)
Martin V. (November 11, 1417), and the task of Pierre d'Ailly was at last finished.
The predominance of the Anglo-Burgundians in France having made it impossible for him to stay there, he went to Avignon to end his days in See also:melancholy calculations arising from the calamities of which he had been the See also:witness, and the astrological reckonings, in which he found See also:pleasure, of the chances for and against the world coming to an end in the near future. He died on the 9th of See also:August 1420.
Pierre d'Ailly's written See also:works are numerous. A great part of them was published with the works of Gerson (by Ellies du See also:Pin, See also:Antwerp, 1706); another part appeared in the 15th See also:century, probably at See also:Brussels, and there are many treatises and sermons still unpublished. In See also:philosophy he was a nominalist. Many questions in See also:science and See also:astrology, such as the reform of the See also:calendar, attracted his attention. His other works consisted of theological essays, ascetic or exegetic, questions of ecclesiastical discipline and reform, and of various polemical writings called forth for the most part by the schism.
Whatever reservations may be made as to a certain interested or ambitious side of his character, Pierre d'Ailly, whose devotion to the cause of union and reform is incontestable, remains one of the leading See also:spirits of the end of the 14th and beginning of the 15th centuries.
End of Article: AILLY, PIERRE
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