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See also:MANDEVILLE, See also:BERNARD DE (1670-1733) , See also:English philosopher and satirist, was See also:born at See also:Dordrecht, where his See also:father practised as a physician. On leaving the See also:Erasmus school at See also:Rotterdam he gave See also:- PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)
proof of his ability by an Oratio scholastica de medicina (1685), and at See also:Leiden University in 1689 he maintained a thesis De brutorum operationibus, in which he advocated the Cartesian theory of See also:automatism among animals. In 1691 he took his medical degree, pronouncing an " inaugural disputation," De chylosi vitiata. Afterwards he came to See also:England " to learn the See also:language," and succeeded so remarkably that many refused to believe he was a foreigner. As a physician he seems to have done little, and lived poorly on a See also:pension given him by some Dutch merchants and See also:money which he earned from distillers for advocating the use of See also:spirits. His conversational abilities won him the friendship of See also:Lord See also:Macclesfield (See also:chief See also:justice 1710—1718) who introduced him to See also:Addison, described by Mandeville as " a See also:parson in a tye-See also:wig." He died in See also:January (19th or 21st)
1733/4 at See also:Hackney.
or the an
The See also:work by which he is known is the See also:Fable of the Bees, published first in 1705 under the See also:title of The Grumbling Hive, or Knaves Turn'd Honest (two See also:hundred doggerel couplets). In 1714 it was republished anonymously with Remarks and An Enquiry into the Origin of Moral Virtue. In 1723 a later edition appeared, including An See also:Essay on Charity and Charity See also:Schools, and A See also:Search into the Nature of Society. The See also:book was primarily written as a See also:political See also:satire on the See also:state of England in 1705, when the Tories were accusing See also:Marlborough and the See also:ministry of advocating the 'See also:French See also:War for See also:personal reasons. The edition of 1723 was presented as a See also:nuisance by the See also:Grand See also:Jury of See also:Middlesex, was denounced in the See also:London See also:Journal by " See also:Theophilus See also:Philo-Britannus," and attacked by many writers, notably by See also:Archibald See also:- CAMPBELL, ALEXANDER (1788–1866)
- CAMPBELL, BEATRICE STELLA (Mrs PATRICK CAMPBELL) (1865– )
- CAMPBELL, GEORGE (1719–1796)
- CAMPBELL, JOHN
- CAMPBELL, JOHN (1708-1775)
- CAMPBELL, JOHN CAMPBELL, BARON (1779-1861)
- CAMPBELL, JOHN FRANCIS
- CAMPBELL, LEWIS (1830-1908)
- CAMPBELL, REGINALD JOHN (1867— )
- CAMPBELL, THOMAS (1777—1844)
Campbell (1691-1756) in his Aretelogia (published as his own by See also:Alexander Innes in 1728; afterwards by Campbell, under his own name, in 1733, as Enquiry into the See also:Original of Moral Virtue). The Fable was reprinted in 1729, a ninth edition appeared in 1755, and it has often been reprinted in more See also:recent times. See also:Berkeley attacked it in the second See also:dialogue of the See also:Alciphron (1732) and See also:John See also:- BROWN
- BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
- BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
- BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
- BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
- BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
- BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
- BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
- BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
- BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
- BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
- BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
- BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
- BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
- BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
- BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
- BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
- BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
- BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
- BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
- BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
- BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
- BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)
Brown criticized him in his Essay upon See also:Shaftesbury's Characteristics (1751).
Mandeville's See also:philosophy gave See also:great offence at the See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time, and has always been stigmatized as false, cynical and degrading. His See also:main thesis is that the actions of men cannot be divided into See also:lower and higher. The higher See also:life of See also:man is merely a fiction introduced by philosophers and rulers to simplify See also:government and the relations of society. In fact, virtue (which he defined as " every performance by which man, contrary to the impulse of nature, should endeavour the benefit of others, or the See also:conquest of his own passions, out of a rational ambition of being See also:good ") is actually detrimental to the state in its commercial and intellectual progress, for it is the vices (i.e. the self-regarding actions of men) which alone, by means of inventions and the circulation of See also:capital in connexion with luxurious living, stimulate society into See also:action and progress. In the Fable he shows a society possessed of all the virtues " blest with content and honesty," falling into apathy and utterly paralyzed. The See also:absence of self-love (cf. See also:Hobbes) is the See also:death of progress. The so-called higher virtues are See also:mere See also:hypocrisy, and arise from the selfish See also:desire to be See also:superior to the brutes. " The moral virtues are the political offspring which flattery begot upon See also:pride." Similarly he arrives at the great See also:paradox that " private vices are public benefits." But his best work and that in which he approximates most nearly to See also:modern views is his See also:account of the origin of society. His a priori theories should be compared with See also:Maine's See also:historical inquiries (See also:Ancient See also:Law, c. V.). He endeavours to show that all social See also:laws are the crystallized results of selfish aggrandizement and protective alliances among the weak. Denying any See also:form of moral sense or See also:conscience, he regards all the social virtues as evolved from the See also:instinct for self-preservation, the give-and-take arrangements between the partners in a defensive and offensive See also:alliance, and the feelings of pride and vanity artificially fed by politicians, as an antidote to dissension and See also:chaos. Mandeville's ironical paradoxes are interesting mainly as a See also:criticism of the " amiable " See also:idealism of Shaftesbury, and in comparison with the serious egoistic systems of Hobbes and Helvetius. It is mere See also:prejudice to deny that Mandeville had considerable philosophic insight; at the same time he was mainly negative or See also:critical, and, as he himself said, he was See also:writing for " the entertainment of See also:people of knowledge and See also:education." He may be said to have cleared the ground for the coming See also:utilitarianism.
\Voxxs.—See also:Typhon: a See also:Burlesque Poem (1704) ; See also:Aesop See also:Dress'd, or a Collection of Fables See also:writ in See also:Familiar See also:Verse (1704); The Planter's Charity (1704) ; The Virgin Unmasked (1709, 1724, 1731, 1742), a work in which. the coarser See also:side of his nature is prominent; See also:Treatise of the Hypochondriack and Hysterick Passions (17II, 1715, 1730) admired by See also:- JOHNSON, ANDREW
- JOHNSON, ANDREW (1808–1875)
- JOHNSON, BENJAMIN (c. 1665-1742)
- JOHNSON, EASTMAN (1824–1906)
- JOHNSON, REVERDY (1796–1876)
- JOHNSON, RICHARD (1573–1659 ?)
- JOHNSON, RICHARD MENTOR (1781–1850)
- JOHNSON, SAMUEL (1709-1784)
- JOHNSON, SIR THOMAS (1664-1729)
- JOHNSON, SIR WILLIAM (1715–1774)
- JOHNSON, THOMAS
Johnson (Mandeville here protests against merely speculative See also:therapeutics, and advances fanciful theories of his own about See also:animal spirits in connexion with " stomachic ferment ": he shows a know-ledge of See also:Locke's methods, and an admiration for See also:Sydenham) ; See also:Free Thoughts on See also:Religion (1720); A See also:Conference about Whoring (1725) ; An Enquiry into the Causes of the Frequent Executions at See also:Tyburn (1725) ; The Origin of See also:Honour and the Usefulness of See also:Christianity in War (1732). Other See also:works attributed, wrongly, to him are
A Modest See also:Defence of Public Stews (1724); The See also:World Unmasked (1736) and Zoologia medicinalis hibernica (1744).
See See also:- HILL
- HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
- HILL, A
- HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
- HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
- HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
- HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
- HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
- HILL, JAMES J
- HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
- HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
- HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
- HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
- HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)
Hill's See also:Boswell, iii. 291–293 ; L. See also:Stephen's English Thought in the Eighteenth See also:Century; A. See also:Bain's Moral See also:Science (593–598); Windelband's See also:History of See also:Ethics (Eng. trans. Tufts) ; J. M. See also:Robertson, See also:Pioneer Humanists (1907); P.
End of Article: MANDEVILLE, BERNARD DE (1670-1733)
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