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ROTTERDAM , a See also:city of See also:- HOLLAND
- HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
- HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
- HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
- HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
- HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
- HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
- HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
- HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
- HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART
Holland in the See also:province of See also:South Holland, on both See also:banks of the New See also:Maas, at the confluence of the canalized Rotte, and a junction station 14z M. by See also:rail S.S.E. of the See also:Hague. See also:Steam tramways connect it with See also:Schiedam, and with Numansdorp on the south of the See also:island of Beier-See also:land, and there is a See also:regular service of steamers by See also:river and See also:canal to See also:Antwerp by way of the South Holland and See also:Zeeland Islands and in every direction. The See also:population of the city was about 20,000 in 1632; 53,212 in 1796; 105,858 in 186o; and 379,017 in 1905. Its See also:shipping facilities have raised Rotterdam to the position of the first commercial city of Holland. By means of the New Waterway (1869—9o) to the See also:Hook of Holland it is accessible for the largest See also:ships. The See also:principal See also:quay is the Boompjes (" little trees "), forming the river-front on the See also:north See also:side. Although originally situated exclusively cn the north or right See also:bank of the Maas, in 1869 Rotterdam was extended to the See also:southern See also:shore by the acquisition of the See also:commune of Feienoord; while in 1886 Delftshaven on the See also:west, and in 1895 Charlois on the south-west and Kralingen on the See also:east, were also incorporated. The river is spanned by a road See also:bridge (1878) and a railway bridge (1897) passing from the Boompjes to the North Island, whence they are continued to the farther shore by See also:swing-See also:bridges through which the largest ships can pass to the upper river. These bridges prove useful in breaking up the See also:ice which forms above them in See also:winter. On the south side of the river are numerous large docks and wharves, while the city proper on the north side consists of a See also:labyrinth of basins and canals with See also:- TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
- TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )
tree-bordered quays.
In the centre of the See also:town is the Beursplein, or See also:Exchange Square, with the large See also:general See also:post See also:- OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")
office (1875), the " Amicitia " See also:club, and the exchange itself (1723). Behind the exchange is the See also:great See also:market-See also:place, built on vaulting over a canal, and containing a See also:bronze statue of See also:Erasmus, who was See also:born in Rotterdam in 1467. The statue is the See also:work of Hendrik de Keyser, and was erected in 1622 (the inscription being added in 1677) to replace an older one. Beyond the market-place is the High See also:Street, which runs along the See also:top of the Maas Dyke. On the west of the city a See also:pretty road planted with trees and grass plots leads from the Zoological Gardens (1857), on the north to the small See also:park overlooking the river. In the park is a statue of the popular poet Hendrik Tollens (d. 1856), a native of the city. Among the churches of Rotterdam are an See also:English See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
church, originally built by the 1st See also:duke of See also:Marl-See also:- BOROUGH (A.S. nominative burh, dative byrig, which produces some of the place-names ending in bury, a sheltered or fortified place, the camp of refuge of a tribe, the stronghold of a chieftain; cf. Ger. Burg, Fr. bor, bore, bourg)
- BOROUGH [BURROUGH, BURROWE, BORROWS], STEVEN (1525–1584)
borough, whose arms may be seen with the royal arms over the entrance. The Groote Kerk, or See also:Laurens Kerk (end of the 15th' See also:century), contains a See also:fine See also:brass See also:screen (1715), a celebrated See also:organ with nearly 5000 pipes, and the monuments of Admirals See also:Witte de Witte (d. 1658), Kortenaer (d. 1665), and See also:van Brakel (d. 1690), and other Dutch See also:naval heroes. The lofty See also:tower commands an extensive view. In the New Market adjoining is a See also:fountain adorned with sculptures erected in 1874 to commemorate the See also:jubilee of the restoration of Dutch See also:independence (1813). The museums of the city comprise an ethnographical museum, the maritime museum established by the Yacht Club in 1874, and the Boyman's Museum (1867) containing pictures, drawings and engravings, as well as the town library. Of the See also:original collection of pictures bequeathed by F. J. O. Boyman in 1847, more than See also:half was destroyed by See also:fire in 1864; but the collection has been enlarged since and is representative of both See also:ancient and See also:modern artists. See also:Close to the museum is a statue of the statesman Gysbert Karel van Hogendorp(1762—1834), a native of the city. Among the remaining buildings must be mentioned the town See also:- HALL
- HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
- HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
- HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
- HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
- HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
- HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
- HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
- HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
- HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
- HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
- HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
- HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
- HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
- HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
- HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
- HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
- HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)
hall (17th century; restored 1823), the See also:court-See also:house, the See also:concert-hall of the " See also:Harmonic " club, the See also:record office (1900), the leeskabuiet, or subscription library and See also:reading-rooms, and the ten-storeyed Witte Huis (1897), which is used for offices and is one of the highest private buildings on the See also:Continent.
The See also:industries comprise the manufacture of See also:tobacco, cigars, See also:margarine, rope, See also:leather, &c., and there are breweries, distilleries and See also:sugar refineries. The See also:gas, See also:electricity (1894) and waterworks (187o) are under municipal See also:control. See also:Shipbuilding yards extend above and below the city, one of the earliest being that of the See also:Netherlands Steamboat See also:Company (1825). It is, however, as a commercial rather than as a manufacturing city that Rotterdam is distinguished, its progress in this respect having been very striking. Between 1850 and 1902 the See also:area of canals and docks in use on both sides of the river increased from 96 to over 300' acres, about £2,000,000 having been spent on the See also:building of docks in the last See also:quarter of the 17th century. Besides its maritime See also:trade Rotterdam has an extensive river See also:traffic, not only with Holland, but also with See also:Belgium and See also:Germany. Its overseas trade is principally with the Dutch colonies, New See also:York, La See also:Plata and the east and west coasts of See also:Africa. The great See also:harbour See also:works on the south side of the river required to accommodate this growing trade were planned by the engineer Stieltjes (d. 1878), who has a See also:monument on the North Island. Besides being easily accessible from the river and connected with the rail-ways, the docks are provided with every facility for coaling and loading or discharging cargoes. The larger passenger steamers of the Rotterdamsche See also:Lloyd to Netherlands See also:India and of the Holland-See also:American Steamship Company (the two principal passenger and See also:cargo steamship companies at Rotterdam) have their berths on the south side of the river. In the centre of the river there is See also:accommodation for over See also:thirty vessels at the mooring buoys. The increase in the importance of Rotterdam as a See also:port, apart from the development of the trade of the Netherlands generally, is shown by the fact that whereas in 1846 only 31% of the See also:total trade of the See also:country passed through the port, in 1883 the proportion was 5o%; in the same See also:year 43.75% of the total number of vessels engaged in Dutch trade used the port of Rotterdam, whereas in 185o the proportion was only 35.77%. The See also:average number of all vessels using the port annually during the See also:decade 1897—1906 was 7228 of 11,163,624 tons, but a steady increase was recorded during this See also:period, from 6212 ships of 8,434,032 tons in 1897 to 8570 ships of 14,572,246 tons in 1906.
Rotterdam probably owes its existence to two castles, which existed in feudal times. In 1299 See also:John I., See also:count of Holland, granted to the See also:people of Rotterdam the same rights as were enjoyed by the burghers of Beverwijk, which were identical with those of See also:Haarlem (K. See also:Hegel, Steidle and Gilden, 1891, Bd. ii.). This See also:privilege marks the origin of the town. In 1489 it was surprised by See also:Francis van See also:Brederode, and in 1572 it was plundered by the Spaniards, who were in See also:possession for four months. It continued to increase in See also:size, various extensions of its boundaries being made, and its trading importance is to a large extent the result of its commercial intercourse with See also:England.
End of Article: ROTTERDAM
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